LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  Of 
CAUFORNIA 


INSECTS, 

INJURIOUS  AND  BENEFICIAL, 


THEIR 


ftfatural  Jiistory  £  Qassifieatiop. 

AN  ELEMENTARY  TEXT-BOOK 

••Ji*i  *  .if  AS  •.*•"• 

FOR  THE  USE  OF  SCHOOLS. 


BY  MATTHEW  COOKE, 

M 

3ceoutive  Horticultural  Officer 

Author  of  "Injurious  Insects  of  the  Orchard,  Vineyard,  £tc 


l»aua  Ctlief  Et3ceoxAtive  Flortiou  lt\j  ral  Officer  ot 


THIRD  REVISED  EDITION. 


o!/  6^  Mechanical  Engineer. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 

SAN  FRANCISCO 
THE  BANCROFT  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

1889 


PRESERVATION 
COPY  ADDED 
ORIGINAL  TO  BE 
RETAINED 


szxminov  USH< 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1883, 

BY  MATTHEW  COOKE, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


Add  to 
GIFT 


PREFACE 


This  book  is  intended  as  an  elementary  text-book  of  Ento- 
mology. Up  to  the  present  time  but  little  attention  has  been 
given  to  the  study  of  the  Natural  History  of  Insects,  even  by 
those  who  cultivate  the  soil ;  and  the  chief  aim  of  this  book  is 
to  introduce  the  subject  in  plain  language  and  concise  form, 
acquainting  the  student  with  the  four  states  or  stages  of  insect 
life,  the  transformations  of  insects,  and  the  division  or  classL 
ficatioii  of  insects  into  Orders  and  Families. 

The  plan  of  fully  illustrating  the  work  is  adopted  in  order  to 
make  object-teaching  available  to  some  extent ;  also,  to  aid  the 
student  in  classifying  the  more  common  insects  into  Orders 
and  families. 

As  a  rule  which  has  but  few  exceptions,  insects  that  belong 
to  the  same  .^amily  have  similar  habits  ;  so  that,  by  knowing 
to  what  Family  any  insect  belongs,  we  may  tell  whether  to 
regard  it  as  an  injurious  or  a  beneficial  insect,  because  agreeing 
in  its  habits  with  other  insects  belonging  to  the  same  Family. 

The  description  given  of  their  transformations  applies 
equally  to  injurious,  beneficial,  and  innoxious  insects  ;  but  the 
illustrations  mostly  represent  those  which  are  either  injurious 
or  beneficial,  so  as  to  give  the  student  a  correct  idea  of  the 
appearance  of  members  of  these  two  classes  of  insects  which 
more  directly  interest  the  cultivators  of  the  soil.  Impressed 

926 


4  PREFACE 

with  the  importance  of  such  knowledge  to  the  future  husband- 
men, and  anticipating  that  the  study  of  Economic  Entomology, 
will,  from  necessity j  be  taught  in  the  near  future  in  the  Public 
Schools,  this  book  has  been  written  with  special  reference  to 
its  use  as  a  text-book  and  as  a  preparatory  course  for  the  study 
of  more  advanced  works 

To  enable  our  teachers  to  teach  this  branch  of  natural  his- 
tory, even  without  previous  training  for  it,  a  Key  to  this  book 
has  been  prepared  and  published  in  a  separate  volume. 

The  scientific,  or  technical,  names  of  the  various  insects 
referred  to  in  this  work  are  not  always  given  in  the  text,  but 
will  be  found  in  the  Index,  attached  to  the  common  names  of 
the  insects 

In  the  arrangement  of  the  Orders  I  have  followed  that  given 
by  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  in  his  "Guide  to  the  Study  of  Insects." 

The  Families  of  the  Orders  Lepidoptera,  Orthoptera,  and 
Neuroptera  are  given  in  full,  as  far  as  the  insects  are  found  in 
the  United  States  ;  of  the  other  Orders,  only  the  most  promi- 
nent Families  are  mentioned 

Of  the  illustrations  many  are  taken  from  my  work,  ''Injuri- 
ous Insects  of  the  Orchard,  Vineyard,"  etc.  ;  to  which  others 
have  been  added,  obtained  chiefly  from  Professor  C.  V.  Riley. 
Twelve  were  copied  from  Packard's  ''Guide  to  the  Study  of 
Insects;"  several  from  the  Smithsonian  Institution  publica- 
tions, and  also  from  Dr.  Emmons'  "New  York  Reports;" 
Nos.  89  and  103  were  copied  from  the  "Illinois  Reports." 
The  "Pacific  Rural  Press"  kindly  furnished  the  illustrations 
of  scale-insects  and  their  parasites. 

While  engaged  in  this  work,  I  have  freely  consulted  the 
books  of  Professors  C.  V.  Riley,  Cyrus  Thomas,  G.  H.  French 


r   PREFACE.  5 

/ 

and  J.  H.  Comstock;  also  those  of  Doctors  Wt.  Le  Baron,  A.  S. 
Packard,  J.  L.  Leconte  and  H.  A.  Hagen;  and  I  take  great 
pleasure  in  acknowledging  my  indebtedness  for  the  informa- 
tion gleaned  from  their  writings. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  book  I  have  also  been  ably 
assisted  by  D.  W.  Coquillett,  Esq.,  late  Assistant  State  Ento- 
mologist, of  Illinois,  which  has  placed  me  under  great 
obligations  to  him. 

M.  C. 
SACRAMENTO,  CAL.,  November  1,  1883. 


CONTENTS 


Introduction 9 

The  Egg  State 13 

The  Larva  State 18 

The  Pupa  State 24 

The  Transformations  (Metamorphoses)  of  Insects 26 

-The  Imago  State 32 

The  Internal  Organs  of  Insects 43 

Classification  of  Insects  into  Orders 45 

Description  of  the  Orders  of  Insects 46 

How  to  Identify  the  Orders  of  Larvae 58 

How  to  Identify  the  orders  of  Insects 60 

Classification  of  Insects  into  Families !  65 

'  ORDER  HYMENOPTERA,  (Bees,  Wasps,  etc.) 65 

ORDER  LEPIDOPTERA,  (Butterflies  and  Moths).  .  .  70 

ORDER  DIPTERA,  (Two-winged  Flies) 87 

ORDER  COLEOPTERA,  (Beetles) 9i 

ORDER  HEMIPTERA,  (True  Bugs) 112 

SUB-ORDER  I.     HOMOPTERA,  (Similar-winged  Bugs).  112 

SUB-ORDER  H.HETEROPTERA,  (Dissimilar-wingedBugs)  117 

ORDER  ORTHOPTERA,  (Grasshoppers,  Crickets,  etc.)  121 

ORDER  KE'U'ROPTE'RAJ Dragon  F.ie8,May  Flies,etc.)  124 

Scale-Insects '. 127 

Beneficial  Insects 138 

How  to  Collect  and  Preserve  Insects 143 

Glossary 151 

Index.!                                                                                        ,  163 


NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  INSECTS. 


CHAPTER     I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Entomology  is  that  part  of  Natural  History  which  treats  of 
insects.  The  term  insect  is  derived  from  the  Latin  word  in~ 
*ectum,  which  signifies  cut  into,  or  notched,  and  it  was  applied 
to  these  animals  on  account  of  their  notched  or  indented  ap- 
pearance (Fig.  1,  Hornet);  they  belong  to  the  second  division 
of  the  Animal  Kingdom,  called  Articulata. 

The  vast  Realm  of  Nature  is  divided  into  three  Kingdoms, 
the  Animal,  the  Vegetable,  and  the  Mineral;  to  the  first  belong 
all  animated  beings,  such  as  Beasts,  Birds,  Insects,  etc.;  to  the 
second  belongs  the  various  kinds  of  Plants,  Mosses,  Fungi,  etc.; 
while  the  different  Minerals,  Rocks,  the  Air,  Water,  etc.,  belong 
to  the  third. 

Fig  i.  Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3 


The  Animal  Kingdom  is   divided  into  four    Sub-Kingdoms, 
which  are  as  follows: 

I.  BACKBONE  ANIMALS  (Vertebrata),  such  as  Beasts,  Birds, 
Reptiles,    and    Fishes;    these    all   have    an   internal    skeleton, 
covered  with  flesh. 

II.  JOINTED  ANIMALS  (Articulata),  such  as  Insects,  Spiders, 
Crabs,  etc.;  in  these  the  skeleton  is  external,  and  is  divided 
into  several  rings,  or  segments,  by  transverse  depressed  circles 


10 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


These  animals  are  readily  distinguished  by  their  jointed 
appearance,  which  is  easily  seen  in  the  Caterpillar  (Fig.  2)  as 
it  moves  along. 

III.     SOFT-BODIED  ANIMALS  (Molusca),  such  as  Snails,  Clams, 

Slugs  (Fig.  3),  etc.;  these  do  not  have  the  body  divided  into 

joints,  nor  are  they  furnished  with  either  an  internal  or  external 

skeleton,  although  they  are  sometimes  inclosed  in  a  hard  cov- 

•ering  or  shell. 


Fig.  4 


Fig.  5 


IV.  RAYED  ANIMALS  (Radiata),  such  as  Star-Fishes,  etc.; 
these  have  the  parts  of  the  body  radiating  from  the  center, 
resembling  somewhat  an  asterisk  (*);  they  are  found  only  in 
the  water. 

Insects  belonging  to  the  second  division  of  the  Animal  King- 
dom, called  Articulata.  This  division  or  Sub-Kingdom,  com- 
prises five  Classes,  which  differ  from  each  other  chiefly  in  the 
number  of  legs  which  they  possess  in  the  adult  or  perfect  state. 
These  five  Classes  are  as  follows: 


Fig.  7. 


I.  TRUE  INSECTS  (Insecta),  such  as  Beetles,  Butterflies,  etc.; 
which  are  furnished  with  six  legs,  as  the  Goldsmith   Beetle 
(Fig.  4). 

II.  SPIDERS  (Arachnida),  such  as  Spiders,   Cheese-mites, 


CHAP.  J. INTRODUCTION. 


11 


Flour-mites,  Ticks,  etc.,  which  are  provided  with  eight  legs,  as 
the  Red  Spider  (Fig.  5), 

III.  CRUSTACEANS    (Crustacea),   such   as   Crabs,    Lobsters, 
Shrimps,  etc.,  which  have  from  ten  to  fourteen  legs. 

IV.  MYRIAPODS    (Myriapoda),   such  as  Centipedes,   Milli- 
pedes, etc.,  have  more  than  fourteen  legs,  as  the  Julus  (Fig.  6). 

V.  WORMS    (Annelida),    such   as   Earth-worms    (Fig.    7), 
Leeches,  etc.,  which  are  entirely  destitute  of  legs. 


The  greater  number  of 
TRUE  INSECTS  (Insecta), 
have  the  body  divided 
into  three  distinct  regions 
(Fig.  8,  Daddy- Long  - 
legs )  ,which  have  received 
the  same  names  as  the 
corresponding  parts  in 
the  higher  animals;  thus, 
the  first  region,  or  part, 
is  called  the  head  (A); 
the  second  part,  the  tho- 
rax or  chest  (B);  and  the 
•hindermost  division  is 
.termed  the  abdomen  or  hind  bodv 


Fig.  8. 


It  is  among  the  true 


Fig.  10. 


insects  alone  that  winged  individuals  occur,   although  all  in- 
sects are  not  provided  with  these  organs. 


12  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

The  SPIDERS  (Arachnida)  usually  have  the  body  divided  into 
two  distinct  regions  (Fig.  9),  the  head  and  thorax  being  merged 
into  one  part;  the  thorax  and  abdomen  are  frequently  con- 
nected by  a  slender  stem  or  petiole.  They  do  not  past  through 
any  changes  or  metamorphoses  before  reaching  the  adult 
state.  So  far  as  at  present  known,  all  spiders  are  predaceous, 
feeding  upon  insects,  etc.;  and  one  South-American  species, 
of  very  large  size,  is  said  to  catch  small  birds  by  creeping  up, 
and  springing  upon  them,  like  a  cat. 

The  Mites  and  Ticks  differ  from  the  Spiders  in  having  the 
three  parts  of  the  body  closely  united,  as  the  Yellow  Mite 
(Fig.  10),  there  being  no  distinct  line  of  separation  between 
the  thorax  and  the  abdomen.  The  young  Mites  are  generally 
provided  with  six  legs  (Fig.  11).  Some  kinds  feed  upon  the 
leaves,  etc.,  of  various  plants;  others  feed  upon  the  eggs  of 
insects  or  upon  young  plant-lice,  such  as  the  Phylloxera  Mite 
(Fig.  12);  and  still  others  live  parasitically  upon  different 
kinds  of  animals,  such  as  the  sheep  Scab-Mite  (Fig.  13), 


Fig.  12  Fig.  13 


The  Scorpions  belong  to  the  same  class  as  the  Spiders,  being 
provided  with  eight  legs;  their  maxillary  palpi  (or  feeler  at- 
tached to  the  lower  jaw),  are  frequently  as  long  as  their  legs, 
and  terminate  in  forceps-like  claws.  They  are  mostly  preda- 
ceous in  their  habits. 

The  Centipedes,  Millipedes,  etc.,  (Myriapoda) ,  are  sometimes 
called  "Thousand-legged  Worms,"  from  the  great  number  of 
legs  with  which  their  bodies  are  provided  (Fig.  6).  They  are 
readily  divisible  into  two  groups,  according  to  the  number  of 


CHAP.    II. THE    EGG    STATE. 


13 


legs  attached  to  each  segment  of  their  bodies.  Some  kinds  have 
only  a  single  pair  of  legs  attached  to  each  segment,  while 
others  have  two  pairs.  By  this  characteristic  we  are  enabled 
to  separate,  at  a  glance,  the  injurious  from  the  beneficial;  for 
those  which  have  only  one  pair  of  legs  to  each  segment  are 
predaceous,  feeding  upon  snails  and  other  soft  bodied-animals, 
whereas  those  having  two  pairs  of  legs  to  each  segment  feed 
upon  vegetable  matter. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  true  insects  belong  to  the  first  Class, 
which  is  known  by  the  name  of  INSECTA.  Having  learned  the 
position  which  these  animals  respectively  occupy  in  the  Ani- 
mal Kingdom,  a  short  account  will  be  given,  in  Chapters  II., 
III.,  IV.,  and  VI.,  of  the  four  states  or  stages  through  which 
.insects  pass,  namely:  First,  the  egg;  second,  the  larva  or 
'caterpillar;  third,  the  pupa,  chrysalis,  or  nymph;  fourth,  the 
perfect  insect,  or  imago  state. 

Chapter  V.  treats  o^their  transformations  (metamorphoses). 


CHAPTER    II. 


THE    EGG    STATE. 


The  greater  number  of  insects,   such  as  Saw-flies  (Fig.  14 )4 
Butterflies  (Fig.  15),  Moths  (Fig.  16),  Hessian-flies  (Fig.  17),' 

Fig.   15. 


Beetles  (Fig.  18),  Trite  Bugs  (Fig.  19),  Tree-crickets  (Fig.  20J, 
and  Lace-winged  Flies  (Fig.  21),  reproduce  their  kind  by  de- 


14 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


positing   eggs,  and   are   therefore   termed    "  oviparous  "  (from 
the  Latin  ovum,  an  egg,  and  parere,  to  produce). 

ng.  17. 


Fig.  16. 


A  few   kinds   of  insects   bring  forth  their  young  alive,  such 
as  the  Flesh-fly  (Fig.  22)  and  Plant-lice    (Fig.  23),  and  are 

Fig.  23. 


therefore   called  "  viviparous "    (from   the   Latin   vivus    alive 
and  par  ere,  to  produce). 


CHAP.    II. THE    EGG    STATE 

Fig.  24.  Fig.  25.  Fig.  26. 


15 


Fig.  28. 

The  eggs  of  insects  are  usually 
.  of  a   globular   form,    such  as   the 
eggs    (Figs.   24   and   25)    of  some 
species  of  Butterflies;  but  some  are  ft 
flattened,  such  as  those  (Fig.  26)  If 
of  the  Katydids,  while  others  are  |j|| 
elongated,  as  those  (Fig.  27)  of  thellj 
Tree-crickets;  still  others,  as  those  w 
(Fig.    28)    of   the    Tortoise-beetles 
are  furnished  with  spines. 

The  surface  of  some  insects'  eggs 

are  perfectly  smooth  (Fig.  26);  others  are  ribbed 
(Fig.  24),  and  still  others  are  covered  with  a  net- 
work of  raised  lines  (Fig.  25). 

Insects  deposit  their  eggs  in  a  great  variety  of 
situations,  but  always  where  the  caterpillar  or  larva,  as  soon 
as  hatched,  may  find  an  abundance  of  food  within  easy  reach. 

Fig.  29. 


Most  frequently  the  eggs  are  fastened  by  a  viscid  liquid  to 
the  foliage  of  trees,  to  plants,  grasses,  etc.,  as  those   (Fig.  29} 


16 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


of  the  Imported  Currant  Saw-fly,  and  (Fig.  30,  d)  of  the  Three- 
lined  Potato  Beetle;  while  others  are  laid  in  rings  around  the 
branches  or  twigs  of  trees,  such  as  those  (Fig.  31)  of  DeLong's 
Moth  and  (Fig.  32)  of  the  Orchard  Tent-caterpillar;  other 

Fig.  £i. 


insects  deposit  their  eggs  in  punctures  in  branches,  as  those 
(Fig.  29)  of  the  Gray  Tree-cricket,  (Fig.  33)  of  the  Snowy  Tree- 
cricket,  and  (Fig.  34)  of  the  Buffalo  Tree-hopper;  some  kinds 


Fig.  33. 


Fig.  35. 


Fig.  36. 

of  True  Bugs  deposit  their  eggs 
(Fig.  35)  on  the  branches  of 
trees.  The  eggs  (Fig.  21)  of  the 
Lace-winged  Flies  are  placed  at 
the  tip  of  a  short  pedicel  or 
stem,  and  attached  to  the  leaves 
or  branches. 

Some  kinds  of  Weevils  de- 
Fig.  37.  posit  their  eggs  in  fruits, 
such  as  seen,  in  Fig.  36, 
of  the  Plum  Curculio, 
and,  in  Fig.  37,  a,  of  the 
Grape  Curculio.  The 
i  Grasshoppers  deposit 
their  eggs  (Fig.  38)  in 
masses,  in  the  earth.  Many  kinds  of  Ichneumon-flies  deposit 
their  eggs  in  the  bodies  of  caterpillars  and  pupae,  by  piercing 
them  with  their  ovipositors;  and  sometimes  in  grubs  or  borers 
which  live  under  the  bark  of  trees. 

A  female  insect  of  this  Family  is  represented    (Fig.  39)   in 
the  act  of  laying   or  depositing  her  eggs.     The  long  tail  or. 


CHAP.    II. THE    EGG    STATE. 


17 


ovipositor,  composed  of  three  hair-like  pieces,  is  bent  and 
carried  under  the  body,  and  directed  to  the  spot  where,  be- 
neath the  bark  of  a  tree,  a  grub  or  larva  is  supposed  to  lie. 
The  same  female  is  shown  (Fig.  40),  when  at  rest. 

The  greater  number  of  the  Gall-flies  and  Saw-flies  make  an 
incision  in  the  leaves  or  twigs  of  trees,  etc.,  in  which  they  de- 
posit their  eggs. 

Fig.  37.  Fig.  38.  Fig.  40. 


Various  kinds  of  Beetles  deposit  their 
eggs  in  the  ground  ;  .the  Hessian-flies,  on 
the  stalks  of  wheat,  the  Joint-worm  flies, 
in  the  stalks  of  wheat,  barley,  etc.  ;  the 
Army-worm  Moth,  on  the  lower  parts  of 
grasses ;  the  Butterflies,  on  the  leaves  of 
plants,  etc.,  on  which  their  larvae  are  to  feed  ;  the  Codlin-moth, 
on  fruits;  and  the  Borers  on  the  bark  of  trees  and  plants. 

The  egg  of  an  insect  consists  essentially  of  three  parts, 
namely:  the  central  germ  cell,  surrounded  by  the  yolk  within 
the  outer  shell. 


18 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS 


The  idea  entertained  by  some  persons  that  many  insects  are 
produced  spontaneously  is  erroneous  ;  all  insects  are  brought 
forth  by  a  parent,  either  as  eggs  or  as  living  young. 


CHAPTER  III. 


THE    LARVA    STATE. 


Some  insects,  such  as  Grasshoppers,  Earwigs  (Fig.  41 ;  a? 
larva}}  Thrips  (Fig.  42,  larva),  and  Soldier-bugs  (Fig.  43;  6, 
larva) ,  when  they  first  issue  from  the  egg,  very  closely  resem- 

Fig.  41. 


\ 


ble  the  adult  or  parent  insect,  with  the  exception  of  being  as 
yet  destitute  of  wings. 

By  far  the  greater  number  of  insects,  when  first  hatched 
from  the  egg,  are  worm-like,  having  the  body  elongated,  and 
Fig.  42. 


Fig.  44. 


more  or  less  cylindrical,  and  furnished  with  a  distinct  head 
(Fig.  48,  A)  armed  with  strong  jaws;  such  as  the  Native  Currant- 


CHAP.    III. THE  LARVA    STATE. 


19 


worm   (Fig.  44),  the  Army- worm   (Fig.  45),  the  Wire-worm 
(Fig.  46),  and  the  larva  of  the  Lace-winged  Fly  (Fig.  47). 


Fig.  45. 


Fig.  46. 


The  bodies  of  those  larvae  which  are  worm-like  are  divided 
by  transverse,  depressed  circles,  generally  into  twelve  parts^ 
called  "rings"  or  "segments."  The  first  three  segments  near- 
est the  head  (Fig.  48,  B),  represent  the  thorax  of  the  perfect 
insect,  and  are  therefore  termed  "thoracic"  segments;  the  re- 
maining nine  segments  (Fig.  48,  C),  represent  the  abdomen  of 
the  perfect  insect,  and  are  therefore  designated  the  "abdominal" 
segments.  On  the  top  of  the  segment  next  to  the  head  (or  the 
first  segment)  is  sometimes  a  horny  plate  (Fig.  48,  G);  this 
plate  is  named  the  "cervical  shield;"  a  plate  of  similar  text- 
ure on  the  last  or  anal  segment  (Fig.  48,  F),  when  present,  is 
termed  the  "anal  plate."  Sometimes  there  is  a  horn  or  spine 
on  the  top  of  the  eleventh  segment  (Fig.  48,  E);  this  is  known 
as  the  "anal  horn." 


Fig.  47 


Fig.  48. 


Most  of  the  larvae  have  nine  spiracles,  or  breathing  pores 
(Fig.  48,  H),  on  each  side  of  the  body,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
first  segment,  and  one  on  each  side  of  the  segments  from  four 
to  eleven  inclusive. 

When  there  is  a  line  of  any  color  extending  along  the  spi- 
racles, it  is  termed  the  stigmata  line.  The  back  of  a  larva  is 
termed  the  dorsum,  and  when  there  is  a  line  in  the  middle, 
extending  lengthwise  with  the  body,  it  is  termed  the  dorsal  line. 


20 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


A  line  midway  between  the  dorsal  and  stigmata  lines  is 
termed  the  sub-dorsal  line.  The  under  part  of  the  body  is 
called  the  renter. 

Some  larvae  are  perfectly  smooth-skinned,  as  the  caterpillar 
(Fig.  49)  of  the  Turnus  Butterfly;  others  are  more  or  less 

covered   with    tubercles,  Fig-  49- 

such  as  the  caterpillar 
(Fig.  50)  of  the  Cecro- 
pia  Moth ;  some  are 
covered  with  warts. 


Fig.  50. 


Fig.  51. 


Fig.  59. 


from  which  grow  clusters  of  hair,  as  the  caterpillar   (Fig.  51) 
of  the   Tussock    Moth;    still   others    are    covered    with   small 


CHAP.    III. THE    LAEVA    STATE.  21 

polished  spots,  termed  piliferous  spots,  such  as  the  Glassy  Cut- 
worm (Fig.  52;  see  the  enlarged  segment),  from  each  of 
which  usually  proceeds  a  fine  hair. 

Many  kinds  of  Iarva3  are  entirely  destitute  of  legs;  these 
are  called  grubs,  maggots,  etc.;  for  instance,  the  grub  (Fig. 
53)  of  the  Plum  Curculio;  (Fig.  54)  of  the  Flat-headed  Apple- 


Fig.  53 


Fig.  54. 


Fig.  55. 


Fig.  56, 


Tree   Borer;  the  grub  (Fig.  55)  of  the   Round-headed   Apple- 
Tree  Borer;  and  the  larva  (Fig.  66)  of  the  Hessian-fly  * 

Others  are  provided  with  six  legs,  as  the  grubs  or  Iarva3 
(Fig.  57)  of  the  Ground-beetles. 


Fig.  57. 


Fig,  59. 


Larvae  having  from  ten  to  sixteen  legs  are  called  true  cater- 
pillars, such  as  the  Span-worms  (Fig.  58),  which  have  ten 
legs;  the  Glassy  Cut-worm  (Fig.  52),  which  is  provided 
with  sixteen  legs.  Caterpillars  have  a  pair  of  horny  legs 
beneath  each  of  the  first  three  segments;  these  are  the  true 
legs;  the  additional  legs  are  fleshy,  and  are  usually  encircled 
at  the  tips  with  a  circle  of  minute  hooks  (Fig.  59);  these 
fleshy  legs  are  commonly  called  prolegs,  prop-legs,  or  false  legs, 

The  greater  number  of  larva}  which  have  more  than  the  six 
thoracic  legs  are  furnished  with  ten  prolegs  (Fig.  52);  these 
are  arranged  in  pairs  beneath  the  sixth,  seventh,  eighth,  ninth, 


22 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


and  twelfth  segments;  those   under  the  twelfth  segment  are 

sometimes    called    the   anal    prolegs.       Larvae    having    more 

than    sixteen   legs   are  FiS-  16°- 

called/aZs0  Caterpillars, 

such  as  the  larvae  (Fig. 

60)     of   the    Imported 

Currant  Saw-fly,  which 

is  provided  with  twenty 

legs.     The    prolegs    of 

these  false  caterpillars 

are  not  furnished  with 

hooks  at  the  tips. 

The  false  caterpillars 
(Fig.  60),  and  also  the 
true  caterpillars,  which 
are  provided  with  six- 
teen legs  (Fig.  £2),  in 
crawling  about,  move  with  a  gently  undulating  motion,  while 
those  which  are  provided  with  from  ten  to  fourteen  legs,  arch 
the  body  more  or  less  upward.  This  is  most  noticeable  in  the 
ten-legged  caterpillars  (Fig.  58),  which  are  commonly  called 
"Span-worms,"  "Measuring-worms,"  or  "Geometers."  In 
crawling  about  they  arch  the  body  upwards  (Fig.  61),  by 
bringing  their  hind  legs  close  to  the  front  legs,  then  fastening 
themselves  by  the  intermediate  and  hind  legs,  they  stretch  out 


Fig.  61. 


Fig.  63. 


the  body  to  its  full  length  (Figs,  62  and  213);  the  same  move- 
ments are  repeated  in  making  the  following  steps. 

The  caterpillars  that  are  provided  with  twelve  or  fourteen 
legs,  in  moving  arch  the  body  upward  in  the  same  manner  as 
those  having  ten  legs,  but  to  a  less  extent. 


CHAP.    III. THE    PUPA    STATE. 


23 


Some  larvae  have  the  head  soft  and  of  no  definite  shape, 
such  as  the  larva  (Fig.  63)  of  the  Syrphus-fly;  it  is  provided 
with  a  pair  of  hook-like  jaws,  which  are  usually  curved  down- 
ward. These  organs  seem  to  be  unfit  for  masticating  food, 
and  are  chiefly  used  to  retain  the  larva  in  its  place,  or  in  hold- 
ing its  prey,  and  also  to  assist  in  moving  around. 

The  soft,  shapeless  head  occurs  only  in  the 
larvae  of  some  kinds  of  Two-winged  Flies,  such 
as  those  of  the  House-fly  (Fig.  64;  A  repre- 
sents the  young  larva,  while  at  B  the  larva  is 
shown  at  a  more  advanced  age). 

These  larvae  are  always  destitute  of  legs? 
and  are  commonly  called  "  maggots." 

It  is  generally  in  the  larva  state  only  that 
the  insect  increases  in  size;  the  Butterfly  or 
Bee,  or  any  other  winged  insect,  does  not 
increase  in  size  after  its  wings  and  other  parts 
have  acquired  their  proper  shape  and  degree 
of  firmness. 

No  larva,  caterpillar,  grub  or  maggot,  is  capable  of  produc- 
ing eggs  or  bringing  forth  young;*  these  offices  are  perfomed 
by  the  adult  insect  alone. 

*Some  writers  claim  that  there  are  exceptions  to  this  rule;  but  these  exceptions 
are  of  very  rare  occurrence. 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


CHAPTER    IV. 
y 

THE    PUPA     STATE. 

Those  insects  which,  when  they  first  issue  from  the  egg,  closely 
Fig.  65.  resemble    the    parent 

insect,    such    as     the 
larva,  (Fig.  65,  .c)  of 
the    Chinch-bug    and 
(Fig.    66,    a)    of   the 
Harelequin    Cabbage- 
bug,     do     not     differ 
very      materially     in 
form  in  the  pupa  state 
(Fig.  65,  #,  and  66,  6),    except   that   they    are   provided    with 
wing-pads,  that  is,  cushion-like  swellings,  in  which  the  undevel- 
Fig.   60  Fig.  67. 


oped  wings  are  enclosed;  they  move  about  and  take  food  in  the 
same  way  as  in  the  larva  state. 

The  pupa?  of  those  insects,  however,  which  were  worm-like 
Fig.   68  when  they  issue  from  the  egg,  are  incapable 

of  moving  about  and  taking  food,  their  legs 
and  other  appendages  being  folded  up  and 
encased  in  a  sheath;  such  as  the  pupa  (Fig- 

67)  of  the  Canker-worm. 

Fig.   70. 

Fig.  69. 


In  some  pupa3 — such  as  those  of  the  Beetles,  Bees,  Wasps, 
and  many  Two-winged  Flies — the  antenna?,  wings,  and  legs  are 


CHAP.    IV 


•TUP:  PUPA  STATE. 


25 


enclosed  in  separate  sheaths  and  folded  on  the  breast,  as  in 
the  pupa  (Fig.  68)  of  the  Prionus  Beetle,  that  (Fig.  69)  of  the 
Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer,  and  that  (Fig.  70)  of  the  Plum 
Curculio. 

Fig.  72. 


Fig.  73. 


The  pupa3  of  Butterflies  and  Moths  have  the  antennae,  wings, 
and  legs  closely  folded  against  the  breast,  and  the  whole  is 
enclosed  in  a  common  covering  or  sheath,  as  seen  in  the  pupa 
(Fig.  71)  of  the  Tomato-worm  and  (Fig.  72)  of  various  But- 
terflies. 


Fig.  75. 


Fig.  7(5. 


WV 

Pupsa   vary  in  form;   some  h::,vc  a  smooth  surface   and  are 
conical  in  form  (Fig.  73);  others  are  sometimes   angulated,   as 
''-/      3 


26 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


the  pupse  of  many  Butterflies,  such  as  those  represented  in 
Figs.  74  and  75.  The  pupse  of  many  kinds  of  Two- winged 
Flies  are  enclosed  in  the  old  larva-skin,  which  becomes  con- 
tracted and  hardened  (Fig.  76).  Pupae  of  this  kind  are  said 
to  be  coarctate  or  compact,  while  the  others  mentioned  above 
are  said  to  be  obtected  or  covered. 

No  insect  can  produce  eggs  or  bring  forth  living  young  while 
in  the  pupa  state;  it  is  only  in  the  perfect  or  adult  state  that 
insects  can  reproduce  their  kind.  (See  Note,  p.  23.) 


CHAPTER     V. 

THE    TRANSFORMATIONS    OF    INSECTS. 

Insects,  with  but  few  exceptions,  pass  through  the  four 
stages  corresponding  to  the  egg,  the  larva,  the  pupa,  and  the 
imago  state. 

These  different  stages  are  easily  observed  in  the  development  of 
the  Archippus  Butterfly.  From  the  egg  (Fig.  77,  c,  natural  size; 
a  magnified),  is  hatched  a  small  worm-like  creature,  the  larva 
(Latin  larva,  a  mask);  so  named,  because  "masking,"  as  it 
were,  the  perfect  insect.  This  at  once  begins  to  feed  upon  the 

Fig.  77. 


leaves  of  the  plant  upon  which  the  egg  had  been  deposited  by 
the  parent  butterfly;  after  increasing  somewhat  in  size  it  casts 
off  its  old  skin,  and  appears  in  a  new  and  more  commodious 
one.  This  process  is  termed  "moulting." 

When  this  time  for   moulting  arrives,  the  caterpillar  first 


CHAP.    V.- 


'HE    TRANSFORMATIONS    OF    INSECTS. 


27 


spins  a  layer  of  silk  upon  some  object,  and  then  crawls  upon 
it  and  fastens  the  hooks  at  the  tips  of  its  legs  into  the  silk  ;  it 
now  remains  quiet  for  a  short  time,  when  the  skin  on  its  back 
soon  splits  open,  and  the  included  caterpillar  then  crawls  out. 
This  operation  is  repeated  at  intervals  three  or  four  times, 
until  the  caterpillar  reaches  its  full  size  (Fig.  78).  It  next 

Tig.  78. 


spins  a  bunch  of  silk  to  the  under  side  of  some  object,  and 
in  this  it  entangles  the  hooks  at  the  tips  of  its  hind  legs  ; 
then  letting  go  its  hold  it  hangs  suspended,  with  the  head  and 
fore  part  of  the  body  drawn  slightly  upward,  giving  to  the 
body  somewhat  the  form  of  the  letter  J  (Fig.  79,  «).  In  a  short 

Fig.  79 


time  the  skin  on  its  back  splits  open,  and  the  included  object, 
by  elongating  its  body,  pushes'  the  fore  part  of  the  latter 
through  the  rent  in  the  skin;  the  body  is  then  contracted,  or 
shortened,  thus  drawing  the  old  skin  backward ;  and  this 
operation  is  repeated  until  the  skin  is  worked  back  to,  and 
covering  only,  the  last  two  or  three  segments  (Fig.  79,  b).  The 
pupa  is  attached,  near  the  hind  end  of  its  body,  to  the  old 


28 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


Fig.*  80. 


skin  by  a  strong  ligament.  It  »soon  withdraws  the  hind  part 
of  its  body  out  of  the  old  skin,  and  remains  suspended  by 
this  ligament  (Fig.  79,  c)\  it  then  elongates  its  body  and 
fastens  the  hooks  at  the  hind  end  of  the  latter  into  the  bunch 
of  silk  above  the  point  where  the  old  skin  is  attached,  and  by 
whirling  around  it  breaks  the  ligament  and  dislodges  the  old 
skin;  after  which  it  remains  perfectly  quiet  and  gradually 
becomes  contracted  to  its  proper  size  and  form  (Fig.  80). 

v  In  the  course  of  a  week  or  so  its  colors 
darken,  and  the  spots  on  the  wings  of  the 
inclosed  butterfly  can  be  quite  plainly  seen 
through  the  thin  and  nearly  transparent  pupa- 
skin;  soon  the  latter  is  burst  near  the  anterior 
or  lower  end,  and  the  enfolded  butterfly  comes 
forth.  At  first  its  wings  are  short  and  limp, 
but  they  gradually  expand  and  harden,  and 
soon  attain  their  proper  form  and  size  (Fig.  81 ). 

All  insects  which  are  worm-like  when  issuing  from  the  egg, 
pass  through  the  same  stages  as  the  Butterfly,  although  not 
always  in  the  same  manner.  Some  spin  a  shroud  of  cocoon 


Fig.  81. 


(Fig  82)  around  their  bodies  before  entering  the  pupa  state  ; 
others  enter  the  earth  and  prepare  smooth  cells  (Fig.  83.)  ; 
while  still  others  assume  this  state  while  in  the  plants  or  others 


CHAP.  r. THE    TRANSFORMATIONS    OF    INSECTS. 


29 


substances  in  which  they  dwell  (Fig.  84,  6).  Some  suspend 
themselves  by  the  hind  feet  alone  (Fig.  79);  others  pass  a 
loop  of  silken  threads  around  the  fore  part  of  the  body  (Fig. 
87,  b).  A  few  of  the  former  merely  work  the  old  skin  back 
upon  the  hind  part  of  the  body,  where  they  allow  it  to  remain; 


Fig.  82. 


Fig.  84. 


while  in  a  very  few  the  old  skin  is  merely  rent  on  the  back, 
and  almost  incloses  the  pupa.  In  the  larvae  of  a  great  many 
kinds  of  Two-winged  Flies  the  larval  skin  merely  contracts 
and  hardens  (Fig.  76),  completely  inclosing  the  pupa. 


Fig.  85. 


Fig.    86. 


Those  insects  which  pass  through  the  various  stages  detailed 
above  are  said  to  have  a  complete  transformation  (metamor- 
phosis). 

But  there  are  many  insects  (such  as  Grasshoppers,  Plant- 
bugs,  etc.),  which,  when  hatched  from  the  egg,  very  closely 


30  NATURAL   HISTORY   OF   INSECTS. 

resemble  the  adult  or  parent  insect,  with  this  exception,  that 
they  are  always  destitute  of  wings  (Fig.  65,  c).  After  increas- 
ing somewhat  in  size  they  cast  their  skins  and  appear  in  the 
same  form  as  before,  except  that  a  pair  of  small  wing-pads  is 
usually  to  be  seen  there  where  the  wings  are  to  be  in  the  per- 
fect insect.  At  each  succeeding  moult,  or  casting  of  the  skin, 
the  form  still  remains  as  before,  except  that  the  wing-pads  are 
growing  larger  (Fig.  65,  g)  till  the  insect  moults  for  the  last 
time,  when  it  appears  with  fully  developed  wings  (as  the 
Chinch-bug,  Fig.  85).  All  this  time  it  has  been  able  to  move 
about  and  to  take  food. 

When  about  its  final  moulting  the  larval  insect  firmly 
fastens  the  hooks  at  the  ends  of  its  feet  into  some  object;  in  a 
short  time  the  skin  on  its  back  splits  open  and  the  included 
insect  makes  its  escape. 

Insects  which  pass  through  their  different  stages  in  this 
manner  are  said  to  have  an  incomplete  transformation  (meta- 
morphosis). 

Some  insects  which  are  worm-like  when  they  issue  from  the 
egg  are  active  to  a  certain  degree  while  in  the  pupa  state; 
thus  the  pupa  of  the  Lace-winged  Fly,  a  short  time  before  its 
final  change,  issues  from  its  cocoon  and  fastens  itself  by  the 
feet  to  some  neighboring  object;  in  a  short  time  the  skin  on 
its  back  is  rent,  and  the  perfect  insect  makes  its  escape. 

Some  insects  after  issuing  from  the  pupa  are  still  enveloped 
in  a  thin  film-like  skin;  this  stage  is  usually  called  the  sub- 
imago,  and  occurs  among  May-flies,  and  allied  insects.  They 
usually  fly  to  the  nearest  plant,  or  other  object,  and  soon  cast 
off  the  film-like  skin. 

A  few  insects,  like  the  Blister-beetles  (Fig.  86),  appear  to 
pass  through  more  than  four  stages.  On  the  approach  of 
winter  their  larva  casts  its  skin  and  appears  in  a  different 
form,  commonly  called  the  semi-pupa;  it  resembles  the  true 
pupa  in  being  unable  to  move  about  and  to  take  food,  but 
differs  from  it  in  not  having  wing-cases,  leg-cases,  etc.  In  the 
following  spring  it  casts  off  its  old  skin,  and  appears  once 


CHAP.    V. THE    TRANSFORMATIONS    OF    INSECTS.  31 

more  as  a  larva;  the  latter  passes  through  the  same  changes  as 
any  other  larva  before  reaching  the  perfect  state. 

The  changes  which  insect  life  passes  through  before  reach- 
ing maturity  have  excited  alike  the  interest  and  astonishment 
of  mankind  since  the  earliest  ages.  "  To  see  the  same 
animal  appearing  first  as  a  worm-like  creature  (Fig.  87,  a), 


Fig.  87. 


slowly  crawling  along  and  devouring  everything  in  its  way, 
and  then,  after  an  intermediate  period  of  death-like  repose 
(Fig.  87,  &),  emerging  from  its  quiescent  state,  furnished  with 

wings  adorned  with  bril- 
liant colors  (Fig.  88),  and 
confined  in  its  choice  of 
food  to  the  most  delicate 
fluids  of  the  vegetable  king- 
dom, is  a  spectacle  that, 
indeed,  must  ever  be  re- 
garded with  the  greatest 
interest ;  especially  when 
we  remember  that  these 

dissimilar  creatures  are  all  composed  of  the  same  elements, 
and  that  the  organs  of  the  adult  were  in  a  manner  shadowed 
out  in  all  its  previous  stages." 

Let  those  who  look  with  slight  upon  the  pursuit  of  Ento- 
mology learn  that  there  are  but  few,  if  any,  studies  better 
adapted  to  improve  the  mind  and  to  mould  the  character  of 
the  young.  Inculcating  as  it  does,  the  habit  of  observation, 


32  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

of  acute  perception,  and  patient  perseverance,  it  has,  more- 
over, no  small  tendency  to  lift  up  their  thoughts  to  the  great 
CREATIVE  BEING — to  Him  who  has  designed  the  minutest 
part  even  of  the  minutest  object  with  reference  to  some  partic- 
ular use  intimately  connected  with  the  economy  of  the  whole. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

THE    IMAGO    STATE. 

By  far  the  greater  number  of  insects,  in  the  imago  or  perfect 
state,  are  provided  with  wings.  Some,  however,  are  destitute 
of  these  organs,  and,  as  insects,  often  very  closely  resemble 
their  larvae,  or  pupa?.  This  is  especially  true  of  some  insects 
which  are  active  during  the  pupa  state,  such  as  the  Plant-lice, 
and  some  kinds  of  wingless  Grasshoppers.  The  pupa3  of  the 
later  usually  differ  from  the  adults  by  having  the  wings 
twisted,  so  that  the  thin  upper  edge  is  nearest  the  under  side  of 
the  body. 

The  body  of  the  perfect  insect  (Fig.  86)  is  composed  of 
three  parts,  the  head,  the  thorax,  and  the  abdomen. 

THE    HEAD    AND    ITS    APENDAGES. 

The  head  is  usually  of  a  flattened,  globular  form.  On  each 
side  of  it  is  a  large  compound  eye  (Fig.  90),  consisting  of  a 
great  many  simple  eyes  placed  close  together.  Besides  the 
compound  eyes,  many  insects  have  two  or  three  simple  eyes 
(ocelli),  which  are  usually  situated  on  the  top  of  the  head.* 

The  antenna? f  or  horns  are  two  in  number,  and  are  gener- 
ally placed  below  the  eyes,  but  sometimes  above  them.  The 
functions  which  these  organs  perform  are  not  distinctly  under- 
stood, but  they  are  supposed  to  be  connected  with  the  sense 
of  hearing;  this  suposition  is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that, 
in  some  Lobsters  and  Crabs,  a  distinct  organ  of  hearing  has 
been  found  located  at  the  base  of  the  antenna?.  • 

*  See  Fig.  89.  f  See  Fig.  103. 


CHAP.    VI. THE    IMAGO    STATE. 


33 


The  antennae  of  insects  are  composed  of  a  certain  number 
of  joints,  which  are  counted  from  the  head  outward;  thus,  the 
joint  next  the  head  is  the  first  or  basal  joint,  the  last  joint 
being  the  one  at  the  tip  or  apex. 

Fig.  89.  Fis.  90. 


Fig.  91.       Fig.  92.      Fig.  93 


Fig.  94.      Fig.  95..      Fig.  %. 


Fig.  97.       Fig.  98.      Fig.  99. 


34  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

Some  of  the  various  forms  of  the  antennae  are  illustrated  in 
e    accompanying   figures:   the   following   are   the   principal 

nrle  • 


Fig.  103. 


CHAP.    VI. THE    IMAGO    STATE. 


35 


Filiform  or  thread-like ;  of  nearly  equal  width  throughout 
its  entire  length(Figs.  91  and  94,  a). 

Clavate  or  club-shaped  ;  gradually  enlarged  toward  the  tip 
(Figs.  92  and  98). 

Fusiform  or  spindle-shaped  ;  largest  in  the  middle,  or  taper- 
ing like  the  root  of  a  carrot  (Fig.  93). 

Seteceous,  Setiform,  or  bristle-like  ;  slender  and  tapering 
toward  the  tip  (Fig.  94,  6), 

Moniliform  or  bead-like  ;  when  the  joints  are  more  or  less 
globular,  the  antenna  resembling  a  string  of  beads. 

Capitate  or  knobbed  ;  terminating  in  a  head  or  knob  at  the 
tip  (Figs,  95  and  93). 

Serrate  or  saw-toothed  ;  when  each  joint  is  prolonged  in  the 
form  of  a  small  tooth,  on  the  inner  side,  at  the  apex  or  tip  of 
each  joint  (Figs.  97  and  99). 

Lamellate;  when  the  terminal  joints  are  prolonged  inward 
in  the  form  of  flattened  plates  (Figs.  100  and  101). 

Fig.  102. 


Fig.  100.  Fig.  101. 


Fig.  104. 


Fig  105. 


Pectinate  or  comb-tooth ;  when  the  inner  angle  of  each 
joint  is  considerably  prolonged  at  the  apex  (Fig.  102). 

Bipectinate — Pectinate  on  both  sides  (Fig  115,  a  ;  some- 
times called  pectinate). 

[For  other  forms  of  antennae,  see  Glossary.] 

The  mouth  of  such  insects  as  masticate  their  food  consists 
essentially  of  four  parts  or  sets  of  organs,  namely  :  the  upper 


36 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


lip  (labrum,  Figs.  104  and  105)  *f  ;  the  lower  lip  (labium,  Fig. 
106)*f  ; '  the  upper  jaws  (mandibles)* \  ;  and  the  lower  jaws 
(maxilldi)* \ .  These  different  organs  are  arranged  as  follows  ; 


The  upper  and  lower  dots  represent  the  upper  and  lower  lip, 
respectively  ;  the  two  dots  below  the  upper  one  represent 
the  upper  jaws,  while  the  two  dots  below  these  represent  the 
lower  jaws.  The  upper  lip  is  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of 
the  face,  and  aids  the  insect  in  retaining  the  food  in  the  mouth 
during  the  process  of  mastication. 


Fig.  106. 


Fig.   108. 


Fig.   109. 


Next  to  the  upper  lip  are  the  upper  jaws,  which  consist  of 
two  hard  and  more  or  less  curved  pieces  (Figs.  107, 108,  109 
and  110)*f;  which  open  arid  shut  sidewise,  instead  of  up  and 
down,  as  the  jaws  of  animals  do  ;  these  are  the  true  biting  and 
masticating  organs. 


Fig.  112. 


Fig.  123 


Next  to  these  are  the  lower  jaws,  which  are  much  softer 
than  the  upper  ones;  like  them  they  open  and  shut  sidewise, 


See  Fig.  89 


t  See  Fig.  108 


CHAP.    VI. THE    IMAGO    STATE. 


37 


and  their  chief  office  seems  to  be  to  assist  in  retaining  and 
masticating  the  food.  Near  the  base  of  each  lower  jaw,  on 
the  outer  side,  is  a  jointed  appendage,  called  the  maxillary 
palpus  (Figs.  Ill,  112  and  113)*f-  Below  the  lower  jaw  is 
placed  the  lower  lip;  this  is  used  in  retaining  the  food  in  the 
mouth;  near  the  base  are  two  jointed  appendages,  called  the 
labial  palpi  (Fig.  106)*f.  When  the  lower  lip  is  very  narrow, 
the  terminal  portion  is  frequently  called  the  tongue  (lingula). 
It  is  attached  to  the  upper  and  inner  edge  of  the  chin  (mentum)\ . 

There  is  sometimes  a  second  pair  of  appendages,  attached 
to  the  lower  lip,  nearer  its  tip  than  the  labial  palpi;  these  are 
termed  the  paraglossa. 

In  those  insects  which  obtain  their  nourishment  by  suction, 
such  as  Bugs,  Butterflies,  Moths,  and  the  Two-winged  Flies, 
gome  or  all  of  the  mouth  parts  are  drawn  out  or  elongated, 
and  several  of  them  are  sometimes  united  to 
form  a  single  organ,  or  beak;  in  many  in- 
sects— such  as  True  Bugs  (  Fig.  114,  b  ), 
Horse-flies,  etc. — the  beak  (Fig.  114,  «)  is 
hard,  and  fitted  for  piercing,  while  in  others 
— such  as  the  House-fly — it  is  quite  soft,  and 
fitted  for  lapping.  In  the  Butterflies  and  the 
Moths  it  is  usually  quite  long,  frequently  as  long  or  longer 
than  the  entire  body  of  the  insect,  and  when  not  in  use  is 


Fig.  114. 


Fig.  115. 


Fig.  116 


coiled  up  like  the  hair-spring  of  a  watch  (Fig.   115,  </),  and 
concealed  beneath  the  head. 


*  See  Fig.  89. 


•j-  See  Fig.  103. 


38  NATURAL    HISTOBY    OF    INSECTS. 

The  posterior  part  of  the  head  (that  is,  the  part  which  is 
next  to  the  thorax)  is  called  the  occiput.  The  top  of  the  head 
(Fig.  116,  c),  is  called  the  vertex  or  crown.  Just  above  the 
upper  lip  (Fig.  116,  Ji)*  is  usually  a  more  or  less  square  piece 
(Fig.  116,  $),  separated  from  the  neighboring  parts  by  a  suture 
or  groove;  this  piece  is  termed  the  clypeus*,  but  in  the  Two- 
winged  Flies  it  is  called  the  hyperstoma.  That  part  of  the  face 
which  is  between  the  clypeus  and  a  line  drawn  from  one 
antenna  to  the  other,  is  called  the  front,  while  the  part  of  the 
face  which  is  between  this  and  the  vertex,  is  called  the  fore- 
head. The  cheeks  are  that  portion  of  the  side  of  the  head 
which  is  between  the  eyes  and-the  mouth  (Fig.  116, /). 


~"  THE     THORAX    AND    ITS    APPENDAGES. 

Next  to  the  head  is  the  thorax,  which  is  composed  of  three 
segments  (Fig.  89).  The  first  segment  is  called  the  prothorax', 
to  this  part  is  attached  the  first  or  anterior  pair  of  legs*;  the 
second  segment  of  the  thorax  is  called  the  mesothorax*,  and  to 
it  are  attached  the  middle  pair  of  legs  and  the  first  or  upper 
pair  of  wings,  when  they  are  present;  the  third  or  last  segment 
of  the  thorax  is  termed  the  metathorax* ';  the  last  pair  of  legs 
is  attached  to  it,  and  also  the  second  or  posterior  pair  of 
wings,  when  these  members  are  present. 

The  upper  part  of  the  thorax  is  sometimes  called  the  notum, 
while  the  under  part  has  received  the  name  of  sternum.  Each 
of  these  is  divided  into  three  parts,  the  same  as  the 
thorax;  thus  there  is  a  pronotum  and  a  proster- 
wifrraf ,  a  metanotum  and  a  metasternum^  etc.  The 
different  parts  of  the  legs  are  well  shown  in  the 
accompanying  cut  (Fig.  117),  where  e  represents 
the  thigh  (femur);  f,  the  shank  (tibia);  and  ft,  the 
foot,  (tarsus);  the  latter  is  five-jointed,  and  the  last 
joint  is  terminated  by  two  claws  (i).  The  part  to 
which  the  thigh  is  attached  at  its  upper  end  is 
called  the  coxa*\,  and  between  them  is  sometimes 
a  small  piece  called  the  trochanter.*\ 

*  See  Fig.  89,  f  See  Fig.  103. 


CHAP.    VI. THE    IMAGO    STATE 


39 


The  greater  number  of  insects,  in  the  perfect  state,  are  pro- 
vided with  two  pairs  of  wings. 

In  the  Beetles  the  wings  of  the  first  pair  are  of  a  hard,  bony 
texture,  and  meet  in  a  straight  line  or  suture  on  the  back  (Fig. 
118);  they  are  sometimes  smooth,  but  are  frequently  covered 
with  small  humps  (hence  termed  rugose),  or  with  longitudinal 
ridges  or  strife  (Fig.  119);  they  are  nearly  always  covered 


Fig.    11: 


Fig.  119. 


Fig.  120. 


with  small  impressed  dots  or  punctures  (Fig.  120),  as  if  pricked 
with  the  point  of  a  pin;  sometimes  the  outer  edge  of  each  wing 
is  turned  upward,  which  portion  is  then  called  the  epipleura. 
These,  the  first  pair  of  wings,  are  termed  "wing-cases"  (elytra), 
and  are  never  used  in  flying. 


Fig.  121. 


In  Grasshoppers,  Crickets  and  in  some  kinds  of  Bugs  the 
anterior  wings  are  of  more  or  less  firm  and  leathery  texture; 
in  the  Grasshoppers  and  kindred  insects  the  front  wings  are 
sometimes  called  the  tegmina,  while  in  the  true  Bugs  these 
organs  have  received  the  name  of  hemelylra. 

The  Butterflies  and  the  greater  number  of  Moths  have  the 


40 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


wings  (Figs.  121  and  122),*  and  also  the  body  and  its  mem- 
bers, thickly  covered  with  flattened  scales  of  various  patterns; 
it  is  these  scales  which  give  the  diversified  colors  to  the 
insects.  When  these  scales  are  rubbed  off,  the  wings  are 
found  to  be  of  a  more  or  less  membraneous  texture  (Fig.  123).f 


Fig.  123. 


Fig.  124. 


In  the  Bees,  Wasps  (Fig.  1),  Two-winged  Flies  (Fig.  124), 
Dragon-flies,  Plant-lice  and  similar  insects,  all  the  wings  are 
thin  and  membraneous;  as  are  also  the  posterior  wings  in 
those  insects  which  have  the  anterior  pair  thickened  (Fig. 
114,  6).  The  wings  of  the  former  kind  are  usually  furnished 
with  several  veins  (Fig.  125)J,  which  are  more  or  less  closely 


.       Fig.  125. 


connected  with  each 
other  with  cross-veins 
or  nervures.  These 
veins  and  cross-veins 
form  several  enclosed 
spots,  which  may  be 
likened  to  the  panes 


*  EXPLANATION  OF  FIG.  121.— ab,  inner  third  of  wing:  am,  middle  third:  al,  outer 
third;   A,  costal  edge;    B,  inner  or  posterior  edge,    C,  outer  edge;    D,  apex;    sd,  basal 
line;  sa,  transverse  anterior  line;  mo,  orbicular;  mr,  reniform;  um,  transverse  shade; 
sp,  transverse  posterior  line;  ms,  marginal  line;  Ib,  dentiform  spot. 

*  EXPLANATION  OF  FIG.  122.— (Capitals,  same  as  in  Fig.121) ;  fr,  frenulum ,  em,  lunule. 

t  EXPLANATION  OF  FIG  123.— (Capitals  same  as  in  Fig.  121);  a,  antenna;  1,  pro- 
thorax;  m,  patagia;  k,  mesoscutum;  ab,  discal  cell;  am,  discal  cross- vein;  above  al, 
independent  vein;  -n,  abdomen. 

J  EXPLANATION  OF  FIG.  125.— c,  costal  vein :  sc,  sub-costal  vein ,  TO,  median  vein; 
sm,  sub-median  vein,  i,  internal  vein;  1,  costal  cell;  2.  (dark)  stigma;  3,  marginal  or 
radical  cell ,  1,  2,  3,  A,  (back  of  stigma  and  marginal  cell)  sub-marginal  or  cubital 
cells,  2,  3,4,  (back  of  sub-marginal  cells)  discoidal cells.  2,  3,  inner  and  outer  apical 
cells;  1, 1, 1,  (nearestthe  base)  median,  sub-median  and  internal  cells;  c,  the  apex. 


CHAP.    VI. THE    IMAGO    STATE.  41 

of  glass  in  a  window;  these  are  called  cells.  When  one  of  these 
cells  is  entirely  surrounded  by  veins  and  cross-veins,  it  is  said 
to  be  closed  (Fig.  125,  2,  2>  2);  but  if  the  outer  or  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  wing  forms  one  of  its  sides,  it  is  then  said  to  be 
open  (Fig.  125,  4,  *)• 

Naturalists  determine  the  different  genera  and  species  of 
Plant-lice  chiefly  by  the  difference  in  the  veining  of  the  wings, 
these  being  the  most  reliable  characteristics  which  these  insects 
possess. 

Fig.  126*  represents  the  venation  of  the  wings  of  the  Rose 
Aphis  and  Grain-  Aphis;  Figure  127,  that  of  the  Apple-tree 
Aphis,  and  Figure  128,  that  of  the  -Woolly  Aphis. 

THE  ABDOMEN  AND  ITS  APPENDAGES. 

The  posterior  division  of  the  body  of  a.i  insect  is  termed 
the  abdomen,  and  contains  the  organs  of  nutrition  and'  of 

Fig.  126. 


reproduction.  The  abdomen  is  sometimes  united  to  the  thorax 
by  its  entire  width,  but  in  some  insects — such  as  Wasps,  etc, — 
these^  two  parts  are  connected  by  a  slender  stem  or  petiole. 

*  EXPLANATION  OP  FIG.  126—1.  basal  cell;  2,  first  discoidal  cell;  3,  second  discoidal 
cell;  4,  mfra-marginal  cell;  5,  first  cubital  cell;  between  4  and  5,  second  cubital  cell;  7, 
stigma;  toward  base  of  wing  from  stigma,  costal  cell;  between  4  and  7,  marginal  cell» 
(The  latter  and  No  4  are  sometimes  called  "apical  cells.") 


42 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


Along   each   side  of  the  abdomen  are    ranged  the    spiracles 
(Fig.  89),  through  which  the  inset  breathes. 

Fig.  127.  Fig.  128. 


The  tip  of  the  abdomen  is  sometimes  furnished  with  a  sting 
— as  in  the   Bees  and  Wasps — with  which  the  insect  defends 

Fig.  131. 


CHAP.    VII. THE    INTERNAL    ORGANS    OF    INSECTS.  43 

itself.  In  other  insects — such  as  the  Saw-flies  (Fig.  130) — it  is 
provided  with  a  piercer  or  ovipositor  (Fig.  129),  which  is  used 
for  the  purpose  of  making  punctures  in  the  leaves  or  twigs  of 
plants,  in  which  to  deposit  the  eggs.  The  famales  of  several 
species  of  Ichneumon-flies  are  furnished  with  an  ovipositor, 
that  is  frequently  as  long  as  the  entire  body  of  the  insect 
(Figs.  39,  40,  and  131),  and  composed  of  several  thread-like 
pieces. 

The  males  of  all  insects,  having  reached  the  imago  state, 
provide  for  the  continuance  of  their  species,  and,  being  no 
longer  needed  in  the  economy  of  insect  life,  soon  after  die. 


CHAPTER    VII. 

THE    INTERNAL    ORGANS   OF   INSECTS. 

The  nervous  system  of  insects  consists  essentially  of  two 
cords,  extending  the  entire  length  of  the  body,  and  placed 
nearest  to  the  lower  side;  these  cords  are  situated  one  above 
the  other,  and  the  lower  cord  is  enlarged  at  intervals  into 
knots,  called  ganglia;  from  each  of  these  knots  a  number  of 
cords  or  filaments  extend  to  the  various  organs.  The  fibers 
which  compose  these  cords,  separate  at  the  anterior  extremity 
of  the  body,  so  as  to  pass  around  the  gullet  (sesophagus),  above 
which  they  again  unite  to  form  the  brain,  which  is  somewhat 
larger  thany  of  the  other  ganglia. 

The  organs  of  nutrition  consist  of  an  alimentary  canal 
extending  the  entire  length  of  the  insect;  it  is  enlarged  in 
several  places,  and  somewhat  resembles  the  same  organ  in 
birds.  The  gullet  (oesophagus)  is  terminated  by  a  cavity  resem- 
bling the  crop  in  birds;  next  to  this  is  a  smaller  muscular 
organ,  analogous  to  the  gizzard;  this  is  followed  by  a  larger 
and  longer  cavity,  which  is  the  true  digestive  stomach;  this  is 
contracted  at  the  posterior  end  into  the  intestinal  canal,  which 
is  enlarged  at  the  posterior  end  into  what  is  known  as  the 
colon.  The  liver  and  the  kidneys  are  not  each  in  compact 


44 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


body,   as  in   the  higher   animals,    but    consists    of  ma,sses   of 
twisted,  ribbon-like  tubes. 

The  blood  of  insects  is  a  colorless  fluid,  which  does  not  cir- 
culate in  closed  vessels  or  veins,  but  permeates  all  parts  of  the 
body.  The  heart  is  represented  by  an  elongated,  pulsating 
,  vessel,  situated  in  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  along  the  back; 
it  is  furnished  with  small  valves,  which  allow  the  blood  to 
pass  only  in  one  direction,  which  is  toward  the  head.  The 
blood  enters  the  heart  through  openings  at  the  sides,  and  is 
forced  upward  and  expelled  out  of  an  opening  in  the  anterior 
end;  from  this  it  passes  backward,  through  all  parts  of  the 
body,-  and  again  enters  the  heart,  as  before.  In  many  naked 
caterpillars  the  pulsation  of  the  heart  is  readily  seen  beneath 
the  skin  on  the  back. 

Insects  do  not  breathe  through  the  mouth  or  nostrils,  as  the 
higher  animals  do,  but  through  small  openings,  called  spiracles, 
placed  on  each  side  of  the  body  (Fig.  89);  these  open  into 
minute,  pearly  tubes  (trachea),  which  carry  the  air  to  all 
parts  of  the  body,  where  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  blood. 
In  the  perfect  or  winged  insect  these  tubes  are  dilated  so  as  to 
form  a  great  many  air-sacs,  facilitating  the  act  of  flying. 

Fig.  132.  jn  many   aquatic  larva? — such  as  those 

(Fig.  132)  of  the  Mosquito — these  tubes 
project  from  the  body  in  the  form  of  small 
tufts,  analogus  to  the  gills  of  fishes.  Those 
insects  which,  in  the  perfect  state,  spend 
much  of  their  time  in  the  water,  are  not 
furnished  with  these  gills,  and  hence  are 
compelled  to  rise  occasionally  to  the  surface 
to  get  air 

Insects,  unlike  the  higher  animals,  have 
the  skeleton  external,  or  upon  the  outside, 
and  the  muscles  are  attached  to  the  inner 
surface  of  the  various  parts.  The  muscles 
are  composed  of  numerous  fibers,  but  which 

are  not  united  in  the  rounded,  compact  form  such  as  they 

have  in  the  higher  animals. 


CHAP.   VIII. CLASSIFICATION  OF  INSECTS  INTO  ORDERS.        45 

No  insect  is  possessed  of  a  voice  or  breath  sound,  and  those 
which  appear  to  sing — such  as  the  Katydids  anfl  Crickets — 
produce  their  notes  by  the  rubbing  together  of  certain  parts 
of  the  body.  The  Cicada,  or  Harvest- fly,  is  furnished  with  a 
thin,  transparent  instrument,  which  is  alternately  indented 
and  relaxed,  producing  a  sound  somewhat  similar  to  that 
made  by  indenting  a  tin  pan. 

Some  insects  produce  a  shrilling  noise  by  elevating  the  wing- 
cases,  and  rubbing  their  edges  together;  others  rasp  the  inside 
of  their  hind  legs  against  the  outer  edges  of  their  wing-cases; 
some,,  while  on  the  wing,  make  a  somewhat  similar  noise  by 
rubbing  the  front  edge  of  the  hind  wings  against  the  under 
side  of  the  wing-cases,  Some  kinds  of  Beetles  sometimes 
make  a  squeaking  noise  by  rubbing  the  base  of  the  thorax 
against  the  adjacent  part  of  the  wing-cases. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

CLASSIFICATION   OF  INSECTS  INTO    ORDERS. 

Naturalists  separate  insects  into  two  Sections,  characterized 
by  the  difference  in  the  mouth-parts;  and  into  seven  Orders, 
according  to  the  number  and  the  structure  of  the  wings. 
These  Sections  are  as  follows  : 

SECTION  1.     GNAWING  INSECTS  (Mandibulata).— These 
insects  are  furnished  with  a  pair  of  jaws. 
This  Section  includes  the  Orders  as  follows  : 

1. — HYMENOPTERA  (from  two  Greek  words  meaning 
menbrane-winged).      Such  as  Bees,  Wasps,  Saw-flies,  etc. 
2. — COLEOPTERA    (from  two  Greek  words,  signifying 
sheath-winged).     Such  as  Beetles  and  Weevils. 

3. — ORTHOPTERA     (from  two  Greek  words,   meaning 

straight-winged).     Such  as  Grasshoppers,  Crickets,  etc. 

4. — NEUROPTERA    (from  two  Greek   words,   meaning 

nerve-winged).     Such  as  Dragon-flies,  Lace-winged  Flies, 

etc. 


46 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


SECTION  II.     SUCKING    INSECTS    ( ffaustellata ) .— These 
insects  have  the  mouth-parts  formed  into  a  beak  or  proboscis. 
This  Section  includes  the  Orders  as  follows  : 

5. — LEPIDOPTERA    (from  two  Greek    words    meaning 
scaly-winged).     Such  as  Butterflies  and  Moths. 

6. — HEMIPTERA  (  from  two  Greek  words,  meaning 
half -winged).  Such  as  Plant-bugs,  etc.  This  order  is 
divided  into  two  Sub-orders,  which  are  as  follows: 

Homoptera  (from  two  Greek  words,  meaning   simi- 
lar-winged).       Such   as    Plant-lice,    Vine-hoppers,  etc. 
Heteroptera  (from  two  Greek  words,  meaning  differ- 
ent-winged).    Such  as  Plant-bugs,  Soldier-bugs,  etc. 

7. — DIPTERA  (from  two  Greek  words,  signifying  two- 
winged).  Such  as  Two-winged  Fies,  Mosquitoes,  etc. 


CHAPTER    IX. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ORDER  OF   INSECTS. 

SECTION  1.— GNAWING  INSECTS  (Mandibulata). 

HYMENOPTERA    (Bees,    Wasps,    etc.) — These   insects   usually 
have  four  membraneous  wings,  with   few  veins,   such  as  the 


Imported  Currant  Saw-flies 
(Fig.  133).  The  posterior  pair 
are  the  smaller  ;  in  a  few  spe- 
cies the  wings  are  wanting. 
The  upper  jaws  are  fitted  for 
biting,  while  the  lower  jaws 
form  a  sheath  around  the 
lower  lip.  The  three  last 
named  organs  are  greatly  elon- 
gated, and  fitted  for  sucking 
or  lapping.  The  body  is  gen- 
erally hard  and  firm,  and  in 
many  species  the  abdomen  is  f 
furnished  with  a  sting,  where- 


Fig.  133 


CHAP.    IX. DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    ORDER    OF    INSECTS. 


47 


with  the  insects  defend  themselves.  Some  females  have  an 
exserted  ovipositor  (Fig.  129),  with  which  they  puncture  the 
leaves  or  twigs  of  plants  in  which  they  deposit  thprfx  eggs ; 

Fig.   1U. 

Fig.  135. 


Fig.  136. 


others,  such  as  the  Ichneumon-flies  (Figs.  39,  40,  131,  and 
134),  puncture  the  bodies  or  eggs  of  other  insects,  and  deposit 
their  eggs  therein.  The  larva?  are  usually  destitute  of  legs, 
(see  larva  of  the  Grape-seed  Maggot,  Fig.  135),  and  many  of 
them  feed  upon  food  provided  by  the  parents;  others  are  pro- 
Fig.  137. 


vided  with  twenty  or  twenty-two  legs  (such  as  the  larva  of  the 
Rose  Saw-fly,  Fig,  136),  and  feed  upon  the  leaves  of  plants,  or 
live  in  the  stems  of  plants,  or  in  galls  on  plants. 


48 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


Their  transformations  are  complete,  and  the  legs,  etc.,  of 
the  pupa  are  enclosed  in  separate  sheaths  (such  as  the  pupa 
of  the  Strawberry  Saw-fly,  Fig.  137,  i  and  2).  The  larva)  gene- 
rally change  to  pupae  in  their  nests,  or  in  whatever  substance 


Fig.   189. 


Fig.  138. 


they  happen  to  live;  others  spin  cocoons  around  their  bodies, 
usually  first  concealing  themselves  beneath  fallen  lea.ves,  or 
entering  the  earth. 

COLEOPTERA  ( Beetles).— These  insects  are  usually  provided 
with  four  wings,  but  in  a  few  species  the  hind  wings  are  want- 
ing. The  fore  wings  (elytra)  are  of  a  hard,  horny  texture,  and 
meet  in  a  straight  line  (suture)  along  the  back,  except  in  the 
genus  Meloe,  where  the  overlap  each  other;  in  a  few  species 
the  wings,  are  united  at  the  suture  (as  in  several  kinds  of 
Darkling  Beetles,  Fig.  119).  The  posterior  wings,  when 
present,  are  membraneous,  and  when  not  in  use  are  usually 
folded  both  lengthwise  and  crosswise,  and  concealed  beneath 
the  elytra.  (The  Beetles  which  belong  to  the  same  family  as 
the  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer,  Fig.  138,  have  the  hind 
wings  folded  lengthwise  only.)  The  mouth-parts  are  fitted 
for  biting.  Transformations  complete. 

The  larvae  are  commonly  called  grubs-,  and  are  sometimes 
furnished  with  six  legs,  which  are  placed  beneath  the  fore  part 


CHAP.    IX. DESCRIPTION   OF    THE    ORDER    OF    INSECTS.         49 

of  the  body  (such  as  the  larva  of  the  June  Beetle,  Fig.  139, 2 ); 
besides  these  there  are  some  kinds  having  a  fleshy  proleg 
beneath  the  last  segment  (as  the  larva  of  the  Striped  Cucum- 
ber-beetle, Fig.  140).  Others  are  entirely  destitute  of  legs.  In 
all  of  them  the  head  is  distinct.  Some  undergo  their  trans- 
mations  in  the  substance  in  which  they  live;  others  enter  the 
earth  and  spin  a  slight  cocoon  (Fig.  139,  i).  The  pupse 
have  the  legs,  etc.,  enclosed  in  separate  sheaths  (Fig.  131,  i). 


141. 


Fig.  140. 


^RTHOPTERA,  ( 'Grasshopper «,  Crickets,  etc.) — The  insects 
which  belongs  to  this  Order  usually  have  four  wings;  the  wings 
of  the  anterior  pair  are  thickened  or  parchment-like,  and  over- 
lap each  other  on  the  back  (as  those  of  the  Katydid,  Fig.  141), 
except  in  the  Earwigs  (Fig.  41).  The  posterior  wings  are 
thinner,  and  when  at  rest  are  folded  up  lengthwise,  like  a  fan, 


50 


NATURAL   HISTORY    OF   INSECTS. 


and  are  more  or  less  concealed  beneath  the  anterior  pair. 
In  a  few  species  one  or  more  pair  of  wings  are  wanting. 
The  mouth-parts  are  fitted  for  biting.  The  transformations 


Fig.  142. 


are  incomplete,  the  pupa  being  active.  With  the  exception 
of  those  belonging  to  the  same  family  as  the  Mantis  (Fig. 
142),  all  the  insects  of  this  Order  are  more  or  less  injurious. 

Fig.  143. 


In  the  Earwig  family  (Fig.  41)  the  anterior  wings  meet  in  a 
Straight  line  on  the  back,  as  in  the  Rove-beetles  (Fig.  249), 


CHAP.  IX. —  DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    ORDER    OF    INSECTS.         51 

from  which  they  are   at  once  distinguished  by  the  prominent 
anal  forceps. 

NEUROPTERA  (Dragon-flies,  May-flies,  etc*) — These  insects 
are  mostly  provided  with  four  membraneous  wings  (such  as 
the  Dragon-fly,  Fig.  143),  but  in  a  few  species  the  posterior 
wings  are  wanting,  while  several  others  are  entirely  wingless. 
The  wings,  when  present,  are  usually  supplied  with  numerous 
cross- veins,  so  as  to  form  a  network,  but  in  several  species 
(such  as  in  the  Genus  Psocus,  Fig.  144),  the  cross- veins  are 
not  more  numerous  than  they  are  in  the  wings  of  Butterflies 
and  Moths.  The  body  and  its  appendages  are  commonly  soft 


Fig.   145. 

.      ^L 

Fig.  144. 


and  weak,  and  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  is  sometimes  furnished 
with  two  or  three  long  bristles  (setae.)  The  mouth-parts  are 
fitted  for  biting.  The  larvae  are  mostly  aquatic  and  are  pro- 
vided with  six  legs;  in  some  the  transformations  are  incom- 
plete, the  pupa  being  active  (as  the  pupa  of  the  Dragon-fly, 
Fig.  145);  in  others  they  are  complete,  and  the  pupa  has  the 
legs,  etc.,  enclosed  in  separate  sheaths;  several  pupae  of  the 
latter  kind  are  active,  to  a  certain  extent,  just  before  the 
perfect  insect  emerges.  With  the  exception  of  the  White 
Ants,  the  insects  belonging  to  this  Order  cannot  be  regarded 
as  injurious,  while  several  species  are  eminently  beneficial 
(such  as  the  laced-winged  Flies,  Fig.  21).  Some  authors  have 
separated  those  insects  belonging  to  this  Order  which  pass 
through  an  incomplete  transformation,  into  a  distinct  Sub- 
order, which  they  call  Pseudo-neuroptem;  but  this  course  has 
not  been  generally  followed. 


52  •       NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

SECTION  II.— SUCKING   INSECTS  (Haustellata). 

LEPIDOPTERA  (Butterflies  and  Moths). — These  insects  are 
provided  with  four  thin  wings,  which  are  usually  covered  with 
minute,  flattened  scales  (such  as  the  Semicolon  Butterfly,  Fig. 

Fig.  146. 


146,  and  the  Orchard  Tent-catarpillar  Moth,  Fig.  147)*;  the 
females  of  a  few  species  are  either  wingless  (as  the  female  of 
the  Yellow  Canker-worm  Moth,  Fig.  148),  or  the  wings  are 


Fig.  147. 


Fig.  148. 


small  and  rudimentary.  The  body  and  its  appendages  are  also 
covered  with  scales  or  short  hairs.  The  mouth  parts  are  fitted 
for  sucking,  the  upper  lip  and  jaws  being  very  small  or  rudi- 
mentary, while  the  lower  jaws  are  formed  into  a  long  tube  or 
proboscis,  which,  when  not  in  use,  is  coiled  up  like  the  hair 
spring  of  a  watch  (Fig.  115,  g)  and  concealed  beneath  the 
head;  in  a  few  species  which  take  no  food  while  in  the  perfect 
state,  the  lower  jaws  are  alsoi  rudimentary.  The  transfor- 

*  The  anteunte  of  Butterflies  always  terminate  in  a  knob  (see  Figs.  95  and  146): 
but  the  antennae  of  Moths  never  terminate  in  a  knob  (see  Figs. '97, 115,  a,  and  147)  - 


CHAP.  IX. DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ORDER  OF  INSECTS. 


53 


Fig.  149. 


mations  are.  complete,  and 
the  various  members  of  the 
pupa  are  enclosed  in  a 
common  sheath  or  cover- 
ing (as  the  pupa  of  the 
Achemon  Sphinx,  Fig.  149).  A  few  of  the  larvae  of  the 
smaller  species  of  Moths  are  destitute  of  legs;  others  are  pro- 
vided with  ten  legs  (as  the  Spring  Canker-worm,  Fig,  151,  /); 


Fig.  150. 


Fig.  151. 


some  with  twelve  legs  (as  the  Fall  Canker-worm.  Fig.  151,  /); 
the  greater  number  have  sixteen  legs  (as  the  larva  of  the 
Achemon  Sphinx,  Fig.  152);  while  a  few  of  small  size,  which 


mine  :•  e  leaves  of  plants,  have  more  than  sixteen  legs;  in  all 
of  the  n  the  head  is  distinct.  They  are  all  more  or  less 
injurious,  with  the  single  exception  of  one  species  (the  Dak- 
ruma  coccidivorella  of  Comstock),  which  feeds  upon  young 
Scale- insects. 

^HEMIPTERA  (True  Bugs), — These  insects  are  generally  pro- 
vided with  four  wings,  but  a  few  kinds  have  only  two,  while 
others  are  entirely  destitute  of  wings.  The  mouth  is  fitted  for 
suction,  and  is  commonly  called  the  "beak,"  or  "proboscis." 
(See  the  Dotted-legged  Plant-bug,  Fig.  19,  r;  the  Spined  Soldier- 


54 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


bug,  Fig.  114,  a;  the  Ring-banded  Soldier-bug,  Fig.  153,  c, 
and  the  Many-banded  Robber,  (Fig.  154,  b).  It  usually  con- 
sists of  four  bristle-like  organs  (the  upper  and  the  lower  jaws), 


Fig.  154. 


Fig.  155. 


which  are  inclosed  in  the  sheath-like  lower  lip;  the  upper  lip 
is  short  and  pointed.  The  transformations  are  incomplete. 
This  Order  is  divided  into  two  Sub-orders,  as  follows: 

Homoptera,  (Plant-lice,  Vine-hoppers,  etc). — These  insects 
have  the  wings  of  the  same-  texture  throughout,  either  wholly 
leathery  (as  those  of  the  Buffalo  Tree-hopper,  Fig.  155),  or 


Fig.  156. 


Fig.  157. 


wholly  membraneous  (as  those  of  the  Grain  Aphis,  Fig.  156), 
and  when  at  rest  they  are  held  slanting  over  the  back  like  a 
steep  roof  (as  in  the  Hop  Aphis,  Fig.  157a);  the  beak  arises 
from  the  posterior  part  of  the  under  side  of  the  head,  and 
sometimes  apparently  from  the  breast. 

They    are    all  terrestrial,    and  are   injurious    to    vegetation. 


CHAP.    IX. DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    ORDER   OF    INSECTS.         55 

Many  of  them  are  wingless  (as  in  Fig.  157,  4,  and  the  Apple- 
tree  Aphis,  Fig.  158).     In  one  family — the  Scale-insects — the 

Fig.  157. 


» 

females  (such  as  those  of  the  Red  Scale,  Fig.  159,  Ib)  are 
wingless,  and  the  males  (see  Fig.  159,  1  a)  are  provided  with 
only  two  wings. 

Fig.   159. 


V Heteroptera  (Plant-bugs,  Soldier-bugs,  etc.). — These  insects 
have  the  anterior  wings  thickened  at  the  base,  while  the  outer 


56 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF   INSECTS. 


part  is   thin   and   more   membraneous  (such  as  those  of  the 
Harlequin  Cabbage-bug,  Fig.  160).     When  at  rest  the  wings 

Fig.  162 
Fig.  160. 


Fig.  161. 


lie  flatly  upon  the  back,  and  overlap  each  other  at  the  tips. 
The  beak  issues  from  the  fore  part  of  the  under  side  of  the 
head,  while  in  the  Homoptera  it  issues  from  the  posterior  part 


164. 


Fig.  165 


of  the  under  side  of  the  head.     In  a  few  small  species,  such  as 
the  Thrips  (Fig.  161)  and  the  wingless  Lice,  the  mouth  is 


CHAP.  IX DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   ORDER  OF  INSECTS.  a< 

furnished  with  jaws.  Some  of  the  insects  which  belong  to 
this  sub-order  are  terrestrial,  others  are  aquatic  (as  the  Large 
Belostoma,  Fig.  162).  A  very  few  species  are  predaceous, 
others  are  parasitic,  while  still  others  feed  upon  the  juices  of 
various  plants  (such  as  the  Squash-bug,  Fig.  163). 

\DIPTERA  (Two-winged  Flies). — -These  insects  are  providad 
with  only  two  wings,  the  posterior  pair  being  represented  by  a 
pair  of  thread-like  organs,  knobbed  at  the  outer  end  (such  as 
seen  in  the  Wheat-midge,  Fig.  164,  and  the  Onion-fly,  Fig- 
165).  These  are  called  balancers  or  halteres,  and  are  never 
Wanting,  even  in  those  species  which  are  wingless.  The  mouth- 
parts  are  fitted  for  piercing  or  lapping.  Transformations  com- 
plete. The  larvae  are  destitute  of  legs  (such  as  the  Apple- 
maggot,  Fig.  166,  and  the  larvaa  of  the  Helophilus-fly,  Fig. 


Fig.  166. 


Fig.  168. 


167),  and  are  commonly  called  "  maggots;"  some  are  fur- 
nished with  a  distinct  head  (as  the  larva  of  the  Crane-fly,  Fig. 
168,  i)  while  in  others  this  part  is  soft,  and  of  no  definite 
shape.  The  legs,  etc.,  of  the  pupa  (Fig.  168,  2)  are  confined 
in  separate  sheaths,  but  the  entire  pupa  is  sometimes  enclosed 
in  the  hardened  skin  of  the  larva  (as  the  pupa  of  the  Apple- 
maggot,  Fig.  76). 

2 
i 


58  NATURAL    HISTORY   OP   INSECTS. 

CHAPTER    X. 

HOW  TO  IDENTIFY  THE  ORDERS  OF 


Those  insects  which,  when  they  first  issue  from  the  egg, 
closely  resemble  the  parents,  are  always  provided  with  six 
legs.  Those  which  are  furnished  with  a  beak  belong  to  the 
Order  Hemiptera,  such  as  the  larvae  of  the  Cabbage-bug  (Fig. 
66,  a),  and  the  larva  of  the  Soldier-bug  (Fig.  43,  b).  Those 
which  are  provided  with  jaws  belong  either  to  the  Orthoptera 
or  the  Neuroptera;  if  aquatic,  they  belong  to  the  latter  Order; 
but  if  terrestrial,  they  belong  to  Orthoptera,  such  as  the  larva 
of  the  Earwig  (Fig.  41,  a). 

Those  which  are  worm-like  when  they  issue  from  the  egg, 
and  are  destitute  of  legs  —  such  as  those  which  are  commonly 
called  "  maggots  "  or  "  grubs  "  —  belong  either  to  the  Order 

Fig.  169. 


Coleoptera,  Hymenoptera,  or  Diptera.  If  the  body  is  flattened, 
like  the  larva  of  the  Broad-necked  Prionus  (Fig.  169),  the 
larva  belongs  to  the  Coleoptera,  and  is  probably  the  larva  of 
a  Long-horned  Borer,  or  of  a  Saw-horned  Borer;  if  they  live 
in  nests  stored  with  dead  insects  or  with  pollen,  they  belong 
to  the  Order  Hymenoptera;  if  they  have  a  soft  retractile  head, 
of  no  definite  shap^e,  they  belong  to  the  Order  Diptera,  as  the 
larva  of  the  Ox  Bot-fly  (Fig.  170).  In  the  Lepidopterous 
families  Lycsenidse  and  Bombycidse,  a  few  larvae  have  the  legs, 
so  small  as  to  be  scarcely  distinguishable;  these  larvae  or 
caterpillars  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves  of  plants  and  trees. 

Those   larvae  which   are    worm-like  and  provided  with  six 
legs,  and  commonly  also  called    "  grubs,"  as  the  larva  of  the 


CHAP.    X. HOW   TO    IDENTIFY    THE    ORDERS    OF    LARVJB.        59 

Asparagus-beetle  (Fig.  171)  and  the  larva  of  the  Rove-beetle 
(Fig.  172) — belong  either  to  the  Order  Coleoptera  or  Neu- 
roptera.  If  terrestrial,  they  probably  belong  to  the  Order 
Coleoptera — the  only  Neuropterous  Iarva3  which  are  terrestrial 
being  those  of  the  Lace-winged  Flies  (Fig.  47)  and  of  the 
Ant-lions.  These  larvae  differ  from  the  Coleopterous  larvae  by 
their  long  and  prominent  jaws,  which  project  horizontally  in 
front  of  the  head. 


Fig.   170. 


Fig.   174. 


Those  larvae  which  are  provided  with  from  ten  to  sixteen 
legs;  such  as  are  commonly  "called  "Caterpillars"  (as  the 
Parsley  -  worm.  Fig.  173),  "Span-worms"  or  ''Measuring- 
worms."  etc.,  belong  to  the  Order  Lepidoptera. 

Those  larva?  which  are  provided  with  more  than  sixteen 
legs  are  called  "False  Caterpillars,"  such  as  the  Pear-slug 
(Fig.  174);  they  belong  to  the  Order  Hymenoptera,  and  to 
the  family  of  Saw-flies. 


60  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

CHAPTER     XI. 

HOW   TO   IDENTIFY    THE    ORDERS    OF    INSECTS. 

Insects  are  divided  into,  orders,  orders  into  families,  families 
into  genera,  genera  into  species. 

Or  to  reverse  this  enumeration  and  illustrate :  The  Southern 
Cabbage-butterfly  (Fig.  175)  is  a  species,  and  the  Imported 
Cabbage-butterfly  (Fig.  176)  is  another  species.  These,  with 
other  species  of  a  similar  form,  though  not  of  the  same  color, 
from  &  genus. 

The  common  Yellow  Butterflies  form  another  genus.  These 
two,  with  several  other  genera,  agreeing  in  certain  respects, 
form  a  family.  This  and  several  other  families  of  Butterflies, 
Sphinx  Moths,  Night-flying  Moths,  etc.,  all  according  in  certain 
characteristics  (for  instance,  in  having  scaly  wings  and  bodies) 
form  the  Order  Lepidoptera. 

As  a  general  rule,  all  the 
species  of  a  family  have 
sufficient  resemblance  to 
each  other  to  enable  even 
unscientific  persons,  with 
a  little  study  and  observa- 
tion, to  associate  and  class- 
ify them  with  reasonable 
correctness;  and  since  among  insects  the  members  of  like 
family  usually  have  somewhat  similar  habits,  by  knowing  the 
habits  of  a  given  family,  when,  finding  a  certain  species  belong- 
ing to  it,  we  may  form  a  tolerably  correct  idea  of  its  habits. 

To  illustrate  the  method  of  ascertaining  the  Order  to  which 
any  perfect  insect  belongs,  let  us  suppose  an  insect  is  pre- 
sented with  the  inquiry:  To  what  Order  does  it  belong?  If 
on  examination  it  is  found  to  have  biting  jaws,  it  belongs  to 
the  gnawing  insects  (Mandibulata),  and  therefore  must  be  con- 
nected with  either  of  the  Orders  Hymenoptera,  Coleoptera, 
Orthoptera,  or  Neuroptera,  as  to  them  belong  the  only  insects 
having  biting  jaws.  If  the  fore  or  upper  wings  are  of  a  hard 


CHAP.  XI. HOW  TO  IDENTIFY  THE  ORDERS  OF  INSECTS.          61 

and  horny  texture,  and  the  under  wings  are  thin  and  mem- 
braneous, and  folded  both  lengthwise  and  crosswise,  the  insect 
is  a  Beetle  (  as  the  Prickly-bark  Beetle,  Fig.  177),  and  there- 
fore belongs  to  the  Order  Coleoptera,  as  this  is  the  only  order 
of  insects  having  biting  jaws,  and  wings  of  the  kind  just  men- 
tioned. If  the  fore  or  upper'  wings  are  parchment-like,  or 
leathery,  and  the  under  wings  membraneous  and  folded 
lengthwise  like  a  fan  (as  those  of  the  Katydid,  Fig.  141),  the 
insect  belongs  to  the  Order  Orthoptera,  as  this  is  the  only 
order  of  insects  having  biting  jaws  and  wings  of  the  kind 
described. 


Fig.  177 


If  the  insect  is  provided  with  four  wings,  all  of  which  are 
thin  and  membraneous;  and  if  furnished  with  biting  jaws,  it 
belongs  either  to  the  Hymenoptera  or  Xeuroptera.  If  the  ab- 
domen is  provided  with  a  sting  or  piercer  (as  that  of  the  Wasp 
or  Hornet,  Fig.  1),  it  belongs  to  the  Order  Hymenoptera,  as 
this  is  the  only  order  of  insects  having  biting  jaws  and  four 
membraneous  wings,  that  has  the  abdomen  armed  with  a  sting 
or  piercer.  But  if  the  four  wings  ai*e'' of  equal  size,  and  crossed 
by  numerous  veins,  forming  a  net-like  structure,  and  the 
abdomen  is  soft  and  not  armed  with  a  sting  (  such  as.  the 
Dragon-fly,  Fig.  143),  the  insect  belongs  to  the  Order  Neurop- 
tera,  as  this  IP,  the  only  order  of  insects  having  biting  jaws 
and  four  wings  of  e^ual  size,  and'  the  abdomen  not  armed  with 
a  sting. 

Supposing  the  insect  presented  has  a  mouth  formed  for 
sucking  (as  the  Tomato-worm  Moth,  Fig.  178),  then  it  belongs 
to  either  of  the  Orders  Lepidoptera,  Hemiptera,  or  Diptera- — 


62 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


that  is  the  Haustellate  Orders.  If  it  is  provided  with  four 
wings  covered  with  scales,  and  the  mouth  parts  are  formed  for 
sucking  (as  in  Fig.  178),  it  belongs  to  the  Order  Lepidoptera, 

Fig.  178. 


as  this  is  the  only  order  of  insects  having  four  wings  covered 
with  scales  and  a  mouth  formed  for  sucking. 


CHAP.    XI. HOW    TO    IDENTIFY    THE    ORDERS    OF    INSECTS.     C3 

If  the  mouth-parts  are  formed  for  sucking,  and  in  the  form 
of  a  beak  (as  in  the  Dotted-legged  Plant-bug,  Fig.  20),  and  the 
insect  is  provided  with  four  wings,  it  belongs  to  the  Order 
Hemiptera,  which  is  divided  into  two  Sub-orders — Homoptera 
and  Heteroptera. 

If  the  beak  issues  from  the  anterior  part  of  the  under  side 
of  the  head,  and  the  fore  or  upper  wings  are  thicker  at  the 
base  than  at  the  tip  or  apex,  and  lie  flatly  on  the  back,  over- 
lapping each  other  (as  those  of  the  Spined  Soldier-bug,  Fig. 
114),  the  insect  belongs  to  the  Sub-order  Heteroptera. 

But  if  the  beak  issues  from  the  posterior  part  of  the  under 
side  of  the  head,  and  the  anterior  wings  are  of  the  same  texture 
throughout,  and  when  at  rest  are  held  over  the  back,  present- 
ing the  appearance  of  a  steep  roof  (as  those  of  the  Hop  Aphis, 
Fig.  157, 2),  the  insect  belongs  to  the  Sub-order  Homoptera. 

If  the  insect  is  provided  with  only  two  wings,  and  the  mouth 
parts  are  formed  for  sucking  (as  the  Horse  Bot-fly;  Fig.  179), 
it  belongs  to  the  Order  Diptera,  as  this  is 
the  single  Order  of  insects  having  only  two 
wings,  and  the  mouth-parts  formed  for 
sucking  or  lapping. 

The  Fleas  were  formerly  regarded  as 
comprising  a  distinct  Order,  called  Apha- 
niptera,  but  most  modern  authors  class 
them  with  the  Diptera. 

Bed-bugs  are  placed  in  the  Order  Hemiptera,  as  their  mouth- 
parts  are  beak-like. 

The  Head-lice  and  Body-lice  are  also  placed  in  the  Order 
Hemiptera,  since  their  mouth-parts  form  a  bead-like  sucker. 
Chicken-lice,  and  generally  those  infesting  fowls  and  animals, 
although  they  have  biting  jaws,  are  placed  in  the  order  Order 
Hemiptera,  and  seem  to  connect  this  Order  with  the  Orthoptera, 

Besides,  there  are  wingless  insects  belonging  to  nearly  every 
Order  of  insects,  but  these,  in  most  cases,  can  be  easily  classi- 
fied according  to  the  structure  of  their  mouth-parts. 

Ths  names  of  the  different  Orders  end  in  ptera    (meaning 


64  NATURAL    HISTORY   OP   INSECTS. 

ivings},  as  Coleoptera,  Ttiptera,  etc.;  while  the  names  of  the 
Families  terminate  in  idte  (meaning  like  or  similar)  as  Carab- 
idse,  Bupresticke,  etc. 

In  writing  the  scientific  or  technical  name  of  an  insect,  the 
generic  name,  or  name  of  the  genus,  is  written  first,  followed 
by  its  specific  name,  or  name  of  the  species;  attached  to  this  is 
usually  the  name  of  the  person  who  first  named  and  described 
the  species;  and  if  any  person  named  and  described  the  same 
species  afterward,  the  second  name  is  called  a  synonym  of  the 
name  given  it  by  its  first  describer.  In  some  cases  it  happened 
that  the  first  describer  of  a  species  did  place  it  in  the  wrong 
genus;  but  when  the  species  is  afterward  assigned  to  its 
proper  genus,  the  name  of  its  first  describer  (and  not  the 
name  of  the  person  who  first  referred  it  to  its  proper  genus), 
must  still  be  attached  to  the  specific  name.  In  cases  of  this 
kind  most  writers  of  the  present  day  enclose  the  name  of  the 
first  describer  in  a  parenthesis.-  The  following  example  will 
serve  to  illustrate  this  practice. 

(Generic  name.)         (Specific  name.)         (First  describer.) 
PHILAMPELIS  ACHEMON  (Drury) 

c,  (Sphinx  achemon.  Drury. 

oynonvms    <o  r  •  r\ 

(sphinx  crantor,  Cramer. 

This  insect  was  first  described  by  Mr.  Drury,  who  named  it 
Sphinx  achemon,  but  as  it  belongs  to  the  genus  Philampelis 
instead  of  to  Sphinx,  i,  is  now  known  as  Philampelis  achemon 
(Drury).  A  few  years  after  Mr.  Drury  had  described  it,  Mr. 
Cramer  supposing  it  to  be  an  undescribed  species,  described  it 
under  the  name  of  Sphinx  crantor,  which  thus  became  a 
synonym  of  the  name  given  this  insect  by  Mr.  Drury. 


CHAP.   XII. CLASSIFICATION    OF    INSECTS   INTO   FAMILIES.     65 


CHAPTER     XII. 


CLASSIFICATION    OF    INSECTS    INTO    FAMILIES. 


It  is  a  tolerably  well  established  fact  that  the  members  of  any 
given  Family  of  insects,  almost  without  exception,  have  simi- 
lar habits;  so  that  by  being  able  to  refer  any  insect  to  its 
proper  Family,  we  can  usually  tell  whether  it  is  an  injurioua 
or  a  beneficial  insect,  according  to  the  habits  of  the  other 
insects  which  belong  to  the  same  Family. 

FAMILIES    OF    HYMENOPTEBA.       ( Bees,   Wasps,  etc.) 

The  following  are  the  principal  Families  of  this  extensive 
Order: 

BEES  (Apidse). — These  insects  have  the  antennae  composed 
of  from  twelve  to  thirteen  joints;  the  tongue  and  other  mouth- 
parts  are  usually  very  long,  and  the  posterior  tibiae,  and  some- 
times the  basal  joint  of  the  posterior  feet,  are  broad,  and  in 
some  species  there  is  a  bristly  cavity  on  each  posterior  tibia, 
in  which  these  insects,  such  as  the  Honey-bees,  carry  pollen, 

etc.,  to  their  nests. 
Some  kinds  construct 
nests  of  mud;  others 
burrow  into  the  stems 
of  plants,  into  soft  or 
decayed  wood,  or  into 
the  ground,  such  as 
the  Bumble-bees  (Fig. 
180).  A  few  kinds 
line  their  nests  with 
pieces  of  green  leaves, 
such  as  the  Leaf-cut- 
ting Bee.  The  larvse 
of  a  few  species  live  parasitical  in  the  nests  of  pollen-gathering; 
Bees,  arid  subsist  upon  the  food  which  had  been  stored  up  for 
the  young  of  the  latter;  on  this  account  they  are  commonly 
called  "Cuckoo-bees."  The  larvse  belonging  to  this  Family 


Fig.  180. 


66  NATURAL    HISTORY    OP    INSECTS. 

are  wholly  destitute  of  feet,  like  the  larva  of  the   Grape-seed 
Maggot  (Fig.  135). 


Fig.  181. 


Fig.  182. 


WASPS  (  Vespidse). — These  insects  have  the  body  hard  and 
smooth;  the  antennae  are  elbowed  (geniculate);  the  wings  are 
?)lded  once,  and  lengthwise,  when  at  rest,  and  the  hind  legs  are 
smooth.  These  insects  build  nests  either  of  mud  (Fig. 


Fig.  183. 


181),  or  of  a  papery  substance  (Figs.  182,  and  183,  6),  and 
store  them  with  small  caterpillars  or  other  larvae,  or  with  a 
mass  composed  of  the  bodies  of  other  insects  chewed  up  into 
a  pulp.  Many  of  these  wasps  are  predaceous,  such  as  the 
Rust-red  Wasp  (Fig.  183,  a),  feeding  upon  flies,  etc.,  but  some 


CHAP.    XII. CLASSIFICATION   OF    INSECTS    INTO    FAMILIES.     67 

species  attack  ripe  fruit.     The  larvae  are  destitute  of  feet,   and 
feed  upon  the  food  stored  up  by  the  parents. 

SAND- WASPS  OR  WOOD- WASPS  {Crabronidve,  Nyssonidas,  Bern- 
heridfe,  etc.). — These  insects  usually  have  large  heads,  and  the 
antennae  are  sometimes  elbowed.  They  build  their  nests  in 
holes  in  wood,  in  the  stems  of  plants,  or  in  the  earth,  and 
store  them  with  spiders,  flies,  plant-lice,  etc.  The  Iarva3  are 
destitute  of  legs,  and  feed  upon  the  food  stored  up  by  the 
parent  insects. 

DIGGER-WASPS   (Pompilidse,  etc.). — These  wasps  have   long 

and  usually  spiny  legs  and 
large  jaws;  the  antennas  are 
not  elbowed,  and  the  abdo- 
men is  petiolate.  They  build 
their  nests  in  holes  which 
they  dig  in  the  earth,  storing 
them  with  insects  and  spiders. 
A .  few  kinds  are  known  to 

feed  upon  over-ripe  fruit;  such  as  the  Red- winged  Wasp 
(Fig.  184).  The  larva?  are  destitute  of  feet.  A  large  species 
of  this  Family  is  commonly  called  the  "Tarantula  Hawk." 
•  ANTS  ( FormicidtK ) . — The  males  and  females,  when  they  first 
issue  from  the  pupa,  are  usually  provided  with  four  wings, 
but  the  workers  are  wingless;  the  antennae  are  always  elbowed. 
The  larvae  are  footless,  and  are  fed  upon  food  which  has  been 
elaborated  in  the  stomachs  of  the  workers. 

GOLDEN- WASPS  (ChryMidae).  These  insects  are  either  green 
or  black;  the  antennae  are  elbowed  and  composed  of  thirteen 
joints;  the  eyes  are  oval  and  the  ocelli  are  distinct.  The  larvae 
are  destitute  of  feet  and  live  in  the  nests  of  Bees  or  Wasps, 
first  destroying  the  original  inhabitant,  and  then  feeding  upon 
the  food  that  has  been  stored  up  for  it. 

ICHNEUMON-FLIES  (Ichneumonidx). — These  insects  have. 
long  antennae,  composed  of  from  fifteen  to  fifty  joints,  as  the 
Ring-legged  Pimpla  (Fig.  184)  and  the  delicate  Long-sting 
(Fig.  131),  and  their  antennae  are  not  usually  elbowed; 


G8 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


the  abdomen  is  generally  long  and  slender  (Figs.    39,   40,   and 
131);  the  ovipositor  is  sometimes  exserted,  and   is   frequently 
as  long  and  occasionally  much  longer  than  the  body,  (Figs.  39, 
Fig.  185.  40.    and    131).     These   insects   are 

among  the  most  beneficial  insects 
known,  as  their  larvae  live  within 
the  bodies  of  caterpillars  and  other 
injurious  larvae  (as  the  Bacon-fly 
Parasite,  Fig.  185,  which  preys 
upon  De  Long's  Moth)  as  well  as  in 
the  bodies  of  many  perfect  insects, 
spiders,  etc.,  ultimately  causing 
their  death.  The  larvae  are  foot- 
less, and  usually  spin  cocoons  wherein  to  undergo  their  trans- 
formations. 

EGG-PARASITES  (Proctotrupidae). — These  are  minute  insects, 
with  only  a  few  veins  in  the  wings  (Fig.  186)— frequently  but 
one;  the  antennae  are  sometimes  elbowed;  the  ovipositor  of 
the  female  issues  from  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  They  live  in 
their  larval  state  within  the  eggs,  larvae,  or  pupae  of  other 
insects.  The  perfect  insect  seldom  exceeds  one  twenty-eighth 
of  an  inch  in  length. 


Fig.  186. 


BRASSLETS  OB  CHALCIS-FLIES  (Chalcididse). — These  are  very 
small  insects  with  elbowed  antennae  (as  shown  in  Fig.  187), 
and  are  frequently  of  a  metallic  color;  the  wings  are  usually 


CHAP.    XII. — CLASSIFICATION  OF  INSECTS  INTO  FAMILIES.       69 


furnished  with  but  few  veins  (Fig.  188),  sometimes  with  only 
one,  while  a  few  species  are  destitute  of  wings;  the  ovipositor 
of  the  female  issues  from  the  under  side  of  the  abdomen,  for- 
ward of  the  tip.  The  larvae  are  footless  and  live  in  the  eggs, 
larvae,  or  pupae  of  other  insects,  while  a  few  kinds  live  in  galls 
or  in  fruits  ;  they  do  not  usually  spin  cocoons  before  assum- 
ing the  pupa  form. 

Fig.  187.  Fig.  188. 


189 


GALL-FLIES  (Cynipidse). — These  insects  have  the  antennae 
composed  of  from  thirteen  to  sixteen  joints,  and  not  elbowed; 
the  abdomen  of  the  female  is  usually  armed  with  a  piercer. 
The  larvae  live  in  galls  on  plants,  or  in  the  larva?  or  pupae  of 
other  insects. 

SAW-FLIES  (Tenthredinidse). — In  these  insects  the  veins  of 
the  fore-wings  extend  to  the  outer  margin  ;  the  antennae  are 
not  elbowed,  as  in  the  Native  Currant  Saw-fly  (Fig.  189),  the 

anterior  tiba^  have  two 
spurs  at  the  tip  of  each  ; 
the  abdomen  is  united 
to  the  thorax  by  nearly 
the  whole  width  ;  the 
segments  of  the  abdo- 
men are  each  of  almost 
the  same  width,  and 
the  abdomen  of  the 

female  is  furnished  with  two  saw-like  instruments   (Fig.   129), 
with  which  she  punctures  the  leaves  or  tender  stems  of  plants, 


,  0  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

where  to  deposit  her  eggs.  The  larvae  are  generally  naked,  and 
are  provided  with  twenty  or  twenty -two  legs  (Figs.  44,  60,  136, 
137,  and  174.)  They  usually  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves  of 
plants,  but  a  few  kinds  live  in  galls.  (For  other  examples  of 
the  perfect  insects,  see  Figs.  14,  130,  and  133.) 

HORN-TAILS  (Uroceridce). — These  insects  are  mostly  of  a  large 
size  ;  the  veins  of  the  front  wings  extend  to  the  outer  edge;  the 
abdomen  is  more  or  less  cylindrical,  and  in  the  males  there  is 
a  long  horn  at  the  tip;  the  ovipositor  of  the  female  is  attached 
to  the  middle  of  the  under  side  of  the  abdomen,  and  extends 
far  beyond  its  tip,  and  the  anterior  tibiae  have  a  single  spur  at 
the  tip.  The  larvae  live  in  the  trunks,  etc.,  of  trees,  and  are 
provided  with  only  six  legs,  the  prolegs  being  obsolete,  or 
nearly  so. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 
FAMILIES  OF  LEPIDOPTERA.     (Butterflies  and  Moths.) 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  Order  are  divided  into  two 
Classes,  as  follows  : 

CLASS  I. — BUTTERFLIES  (Rhopalocera). — In  these  insects  the 
antennae  are  filiform  and  terminate  in  a  knob  (Fig.  95),  which 
is  sometimes  produced  into  a  hook  at  the  tip. 

These  insects  fly  only  in  the  daytime,  and  are  usually  of 
bright  colors;  the  hind  wings  are  generally  colored  as  brightly 
as  the  fore  ones;  when  at  rest  the  wings  are  usually  brought 
together  over  the  back,  but  some  of  the  Skippers  hold  the  hind 
wing  stretched  out  or  expanded  when  at  rest.  The  larvae  or 
caterpillars  mostly  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves  of  plants, 
but  a  few  kinds  live  under  a  web,  in  a  rolled  leaf,  or  in  a  nest 
formed  by  fastening  several  leaves  together  with  silken  threads. 
They  are  provided  with  sixteen  legs,  but  in  a  few  kinds  these 
are  so  small  that  in  creeping  the  whole  under  surface  of  the 
body  touches  the  object  upon  which  the  caterpillar  is  crawling. 

When  about  to  assume  the  pupa  form,  the  greater  number 
suspend  themselves  in  various  ways  ;  others  construct  a  sort 


CHAP.  XIII. FAMILIES  OF  LEPIDOPTERA.  71 

of  cocoon  by  fastening  several  leaves  together  with  silken 
threads,  and  lining  the  interior  with  a  thin  layer  of  silk. 

The  chrysalids  of  this  latter  class  are  usually  smooth  and 
cylindrical,  but  taper  posteriorly;  the  others  are  angular  and 
more  or  less  tuberculate. 

CLASS  II. — MOTHS  (Heterocera) . — In  these  insects  the  anten- 
nae never  terminate  in  a  knob,  although  it  is  frequently  thick- 
ened towards  the  tip. 

These  insects  usually  fly  about  only  at  night  or  in  the  eve- 
ning; their  colors  are  generally  dull,  mostly  of  some  shade  of 
gray,  and  the  hind  wings  are  seldom  colored  as  brightly  as 
the  fore  wings,  being  commonly  of  a  dirty-white  or  smoky 
color.  When  at  rest  the  wings  usually  cover  the  back  like  a 
steep  roof,  the  fore  wings  concealing  the  hind  ones. 

Fig.  190 


A  very  few  of  the  Caterpillars  (such  as  those  of  the  Plume- 
moths)  suspend  themselves  when  about  to  change  to  a  pupa; 
but  the  greater  number  either  spin  cocoons,  or  enter  the  earth 
and  form  smooth  cells  in  which  to  undergo  their  transfor- 
mations. 

CLASS  I. — BUTTERFLIES.      (Rhopalotera.) 

These  insects  are  divided  into  five  Families,  as  follows: 
SWALLOW-TAILS  (Papilionidas). — These  Butterflies   have  the 


72  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF   INSECTS. 

hind  wings  produced  into  a  broad  tail,  and  are  hollowed  out 
next  the  body  (as  the  Turnus-butterfly,  Fig.  190);  the  ante- 
rior pair  of  tibiae  have  a  stout  spur  near  the  middle  of  each. 

These  Butterflies  are  usually  of  a  large  size,  and  their  colors 
are  mostly  yellow  and  black. 

Their  caterpillars  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves  (such  as  the 
caterpillar  of  the  Turnus-butterfly,  Fig.  49);  sometimes  spin- 
ning a  web  upon  the  upper  surface  of  a  leaf,  upon  which  they 
rest  when  not  feeding.  When  about  to  change  to  a  pupa  they 
suspend  themselves  by  the  hind  part  of  the  body  and  by  a 
transverse  loop  of  silken  threads  passed  around  the  fore  part 
of  the  body. 

Fig.    192. 


WHITE  AND  YELLOW  BUTTERFLIES  (Pieridse). — These  But- 
terflies have  the  hind  wings  rounded  behind,  that  is  not  tailed, 
and  the  inner  margin  is  concave;  the  anterior  tibise  are  desti- 
tute of  a  spur  at  the  middle;  the  colors  are  white  and  black 
(as  those  of  the  Imported  Cabbage-butterfly,  Fig.  191),  or 
yellow  and  black,  sometimes  tinged  with  green.  Their  cater- 
pillars live  exposed  on  the  leaves  (  as  that,  Fig.  192,  a,  of  the 
Imported  Cabbage-butterfly),  and  when  about  to  enter  the  pupa 
state  they  suspend  themselves  by  the  hind  part  of  the  body 
and  a  transverse  loop  of  silken  threads  (Fig.  192,  b).  They 
are  generally  naked  or  nearly  so;  their  color  is  usually  green. 

FOUR-FOOTED  BUTTERFLIES  (Nymphalidse). — These  Butter- 
flies usually  have  the  hind  wings  rounded  (as  the  Tawny 


CHAP.    XIII. FAMILIES    OF    LEPIDOPTERA. 


73 


Emperor-butterfly,  Fig.  193,  d),  and  the  first  pair  of  feet  are 
imperfect,  being  destitute  of  claws,  and  are  never  used  in  walk- 
ing; the  first  pair  of  legs  are  folded  up  against  the  breast,  like 

Fig.  193. 


a  tippet.     The  colors  are  usually  brown  and  black,  sometimes 

almost  wholly  black,  or  marked  with  whitish  bands  or  borders. 

Their  caterpillars  are  sometimes  naked  (as  the  caterpillar 

of  the  Archippus-butterfly,   Fig.  78),  but  are  more  often  cov- 


Fig.   194. 


ered  with  spines  or  bristles;  they  usually  live  exposed  upon 
the  leaves,  but  several  kinds  live  beneath  a  web.     When  about 
to   undergo  transformation*  their  caterpillars    suspend   them- 
6 


74  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

selves  by  the  hind  part  of  the  body  (Figs.  79  and  80).     The 
Archippus-butterfly  (Fig.  81)  belongs  to  this  family. 

THECLA  AND  COPPER  BUTTERFLIES  (Lycdenidse). — These  are 
are  small  butterflies  of  a  blue,  brown,  or  black  color,  and  in  a 
few  species  the  hind  wings  are  furnished  with  one  or  two  very 
slender  tails;  the  hind  wings  are  hollowed  out  next  the  body, 
and  the  hind  tibiae  are  furnished  with  only  one  pair  of  spurs. 

Their  caterpillars  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves  of  plants,  and 
are  usually  naked,  of  a  green  color,  and  nearly  destitute  of 
feet.  When  about  to  change  to  pupa3,  they  suspend  them- 
selves by  the  hind  part  of  the  body  and  by  a  transverse  loop 
of  silken  threads  passed  around  the  fore  part  of  the  body. 

SKIPPERS  (Hesperidse). — These  Butterflies  have  large  heads 
and  thick  bodies;  when  at  rest  the  hind  wings  are  usually 
spread  out,  while  the  fore  ones  are  brought  together  over  the 
back ;  the  middle  tibiae  are  furnished  with  a  pair  of  spurs  near 
the  middle  of  each,  and  the  hind  tibiae  frequently  have  a  pair 
of  spurs  at  the  middle  and  another  pair  at  the  tips;  the  claws 
at  the  end  of  the  feet  have  a  deep  notch  in  the  middle. 

These  insects  fly  with  a  rapid  jerking  motion;  the  colors  are 
mostly  black  and  brown. 

Their  caterpillars  are  commonly  naked  and  spindle-shaped, 
with  the  head  much  wider  than  the  fore  part  of  the  first  seg- 
ment of  the  body  ;  they  usually  live  between  two  or  more 
leaves  fastened  together  with  silken  threads.  They  change  to 
pupae  in  their  cases,  and  the  chrysalids  are  smooth  and  taper 
at  one  end,  and  are  usually  covered  with  a  bluish  powder. 

CLASS  II. — MOTHS.       (Heterocera.) 

These  insects  are  divided  intonime  Families,  as  follows: 

HAWK-MOTHS  (Sphingidse). — These  moths  have  the  body 
stout  and  spindle-shaped;  the  wings  are  strong,  long  and  nar- 
row, and  sometimes  partly  transparent;  the  hind  wings  are 
usually  not  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  fore  wings;  the 
head  is  not  sunken  into  the  thorax;  the  palpi  are  very  stout 
and  hairy,  and  are  placed  close  together;  the  antennae  are 


CHAP.    XIII. FAMILIES    OP    LEPIDOPTERA. 


75 


usually    prismatic    and    spindle-shaped,    and    are    sometimes 
hooked  at  the  tip. 

Fig.  195. 


These  moths  fly  mostly  in  the  evening  twilight;  their  flight 
is  strong  and  rapid,  and  they  may  frequently  be  seen  hovering 
over  flowers,  like  humming  birds. 


Their  caterpillars  are  naked  and  provided  with  sixteen  legs, 
and  sometimes  have  a  spine  or  horn  on  the  eleventh  segment; 
they  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves  of  plants.  When  about  to 


76 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


change  to  pupae,  they  either  creep  beneath  the  fallen  leaves, 
etc.,  or  else  enter  the  earth  and  form  smooth  cells,  in  which  to 
undergo  their  transformation.  The  Satellitia  Sphinx  and 
Caterpillar  (Figs.  194  and  195),  the  Achemon  Sphinx  and 

Fig.  197. 


Caterpillar  (Figs.  196  and  152),  and  the  White-lined  Sphinx 
and  Caterpillar  (Figs.  197  and  198),  are  examples  of  this 
Family. 

CLEAR-WINGED  MOTHS  (dEgeridx). — These  insects  have  the 
body  quite  slender,  and  there  is  frequently  a  fan-shaped  tuft 
at  its  tip;  the  wings  are  narrow  and  usually  partially  trans- 
parent, and  the  hind  wings  are  nearly  as  long  as  the  front 
ones. 

Fig.  198. 


These  insects  are  diurnal  in  their  habits,  and  quite  closely 
resemble  certain  wasps,  but  the  body  is  clothed  with  scales, 
and  is  not  pointed  behind, 

Their  caterpillars  are  provided  with  sixteen  legs,  and  usually 


CHAP.    XIII. FAMILIES  OF    LEPIDOPTERA. 


77 


live  within  the  stems  or  roots  of  plants;  they  become  pupse 
within  their  burrows.  The  Peach-tree  Moth  and  Borer  (Figs. 
199  and  200),  and  the  Raspberry-root  Borer  (Fig.  201),  are 
examples  of  this  Family. 


Fig.    199. 


Fig.  201. 


Fig.  200. 


WOOD-NYMPHS  (Zygsenidse). — In  these  insects  the  head  is 
not  sunken  into  the  thorax,  the  palpi  are  slender,  the  wings 
are  quite  long  and  narrow,  and  the  thorax  is  not  tufted.  The 
ground  color  is  usually  black  or  white. 

The  larvae  are  provided  with  sixteen  legs,  and  are  commonly 
naked,  but  are  sometimes  more  or  less  covered  with  hairs. 


Fig.  202. 


Some  kinds  spin  cocoons  when  about  to  change  to  pupae,  but 
the  greater  number  enter  the  earth,  or  burrow  into  soft  wood, 
and  form  cells  in  which  to  undergo  their  transformations. 


78 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


The  Beautiful  Wood-nymph  (Pig.  17)  ;  the  Eight-spotted 
Forester  (Fig.  202),  and  the  American  Procris  (Fig.  203),  are 
excellent  examples  of  this  Family. 


SPINNERS (Bombycidtz). — These  moths  are  nocturnal  in  their 
habits;  the  body  is  quite   stout,  the  head  is  small  and  appar- 


CHAP.    XIII. FAMILIES    OF    LEPIDOPTEKA. 


79 


ently  sunken  into  the  thorax,  the  antennae  are  frequently 
pectinated,  the  palpi  are  very  short,  and  the  wings  are  usually 
quite  large,  but  the  females  of  a  few  species  are  wingless. 


Fig.  205. 


Fig.  207. 


Fig.  208. 


80 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


Their  caterpillars  are  provided  with  sixteen  legs,  but  in 
some  these  are  very  small,  so  that  the  larva  appears  to  glide 
over  the  surface  like  a  slug;  in  others  the  last  pair  is  imper- 

Fig.  209. 


feet. 


Some  are  naked,  while  others  are  clothed  with  hairs  or 
spines.  Some  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves;  others  live 
beneath  a  web,  or  in  a  nest  of  leaves;  a  few  construct  cases  in 
which  to  dwell,  while  a  still  smaller  number  live  within  the 

Fig.  210. 


trunks  of  trees.  The  greater  number  spin  cocoons  in  which 
to  undergo  their  transformations.  The  Cecropia  Moth  and 
Caterpillar  (Figs.  204  and  50);  the  Silk-worm  and  moth  (Figs. 
205  and  206);  the  Isabella  Moth  (Fig.  207),  and  the  White 
Miller  (Fig.  208,  are  examples  of  this  Family. 


CHAP.    XIII. FAMILIES    OF    LEPIDOPTERA. 


81 


*  OWLET  MOTHS  (Noctuid-se). — These  moths  usually  have  the 
thorax  or  abdomen  tufted;  the  head  is  not  sunken  into  the 
thorax,  the  palpi  are  stout  and  well  developed,  the  antennae 
are  generally  simple,  and  the  wings  are  quite  large. 

Fig.  211. 


Their  caterpillars  have  from  twelve  to  sixteen  legs,  and  are 
usually  naked,  but  a  few  kinds  are  covered  with  hairs.  The 
greater  number  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves,  but  a  few  kinds 
live  within  the  stems  of  plants,  in  the  ground,  or  in  decayed 
wood.  .A  few  kinds  spin  cocoons,  but  the  greater  number 
enter  the  earth  when  changing  to  pupae. 


Fig.  212. 


The  Corn-worm  and  Moth  (Fig.  209);  the  Stalk-borer  and 
Moth  (Fig.  210);  the  Cabbage  Plusia  (Fig.  211);  the  Figure  8 
Minor  Moth  and  its  caterpillar,  the  Bristly  Cut-worm  (Fig. 
212),  are  examples  of  this  Family. 


82 


NATUJttX   HISTORY    OF   INSECTS. 


GEOMETRID  MOTHS  (Phalsenidx). — These  moths  usually 
have  long,  slender  bodies;  the  thorax  is  never  tufted,  the  legs 
are  long  and  slender,  the  anterior  tibiae  are  generally  unarmed 
and  the  hind  tibia3  ar*  commonly  armed  with  one  or  two  pair 
of  spurs.  The  head  is  small  and  free,  or  not  sunken  into  the 


Fig.  213. 


thorax,  the  antennae  are  usually  simple,  but  sometimes  pec- 
tinate; the  palpi  are  rather  small  and  slender,  the  wings  are 
usually  triangular,  broad  and  thin,  and  spread  out  in  repose; 
the  stigmata*  are  wanting.  In  a  few  species  the  females  are 
wingless. 

The  caterpillars  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves;  they  are 
naked,  and  are  provided  with  from  ten  to  fourteen  legs;  in 
walking  they  arch  up  the  middle  of  the  body  and  bring  the 
hind  feet  close  up  to  the  front  ones,  thus  seeming  to  span  or 
measure  the  surface  over  which  they  pass,  on  which  account 
they  are  commonly  called  ''Span-worms,"  or  "Measuring- 
worms."  When  disturbed  they  usually  drop  from  their  perch 

*A  term  applied  to  the' "orbicular"  aud  "reniform"  spots.    (See  Fig.  121.) 


CHAP.    XIII. FAMILIES  OF  LEPIDOPTERA. 


83 


and  hang  suspended  by  a  silken  thread  ;  and  when  they  think 
the  danger  is  past,  they  climb  up  the  thread  to  their  former 
position.  They  frequently  hold  the  body  stretched  out  and 
attached  only  by  the  hind  feet,  and  while  in  this  position  "may 
easily  be  mistaken  for  small  twigs. 

Fig.  215. 


The  greater  number  enter  the  earth  when  changing  to 
but   some   kinds   spin   their   thin   cocoon   among   the  leaves, 
while  others  are  said  to  suspend   themselves.      The  specific 

Fig.  216. 


names  of  those  species  the  males  of  which  have  pectinate 
antenna?,  usually  terminate  in  aria,  while  the  names  of  those 
having  simple  antennae  commonly  terminate  in  ata. 


Fig.  217. 


The  Currant  Span-worm  and  Moth  (Figs.  213  and  214),  the 
Spring  Canker-worm  and  Moth  (Figs.  150  and  215),  and  the 


84 


NATURAL    HISTORY   OF  INSECTS. 


Fall  Canker-worm  and  Moth  (Figs.  151  and  216)  are  examples 
of  this  Family. 

SNOUT  MOTHS  (Pyralidae). — These  moths  have  the  body 
quite  long  and  slender;  the  antennae  are  not  pectinate,  the 
palpi  are  usually  very  long,  and  the  legs  are  mostly  unarmed. 

The  caterpillars  are  naked,  and  are  commonly  provided  with 
sixteen  legs.  They  generally  live  in  silken  tubes  or  cases,  or 
in  a  nest  of  leaves,  or  in  fruit. 

Fig.  218. 


Fig.  219. 


The  Grape-leaf  Folder  (Fig.  217),  the  Clover-hay  Worm 
(Fig.  218),  and  the  Gooseberry-fruit  Moth  (Fig.  219),  are 
examples  of  this  family. 

LEAF-ROLLERS  (Tortricidse). — These  moths  are  usually  quite 
small;  the  antennae  are  simple  and  short,  the  palpi  are  very 
short,  and  the  fore-wings  aro  nearly  of  the  same  width  through- 
out, and  are  often  considerably  rounded  on  the  front  edge 

Fig.  220. 


The  caterpillars  are  naked,  and  provided  with  sixteen  legs  ; 
they  live  in  a  rolled  leaf,  or  in  a  nest  of  leaves  ;  a  few  kinds  live 
in  fruit.  The  specific  name  of  these  insects  usually  terminate 
in  ana. 


CHAP.    XIII. FAMILIES    OF   LEPIDOPTERA. 


85 


The  Strawberry-leaf  Roller  (Fig.  220),  the  Cherry-leaf  Roller 
(Fig.  221),  the  Bud-worm  and  Moth  (Fig.  222),  and  the  Codlin 
Moth  (Fig.  223),  are  examples  of  this  Family. 


Fig.  221, 


Fig.  223. 


Fig.  222. 


LEAF-MINERS  (Tineidas). — These  moths  are  of  small  size; 
the  body  is  slender,  the  wings  commonly  are  pointed  and 
heavily  fringed,  the  palpi  are  usually  long  and  curved  in  front 
of  the  head  j  the  antennae  are  frequently  long  and  simple. 


Fig.  226. 


Fig.  224. 


Fig.  225. 


The  caterpillars  are  naked,  and  usually  provided  with  six- 
teen legs,  but  in  the  very  small  species  there  is  sometimes  a 
greater  number  of  legs  than  sixteen,  while  some  are  wholly 
destitute  of  legs.  Some  kinds  live  in  a  rolled  leaf,  others  live 
in  mines  in  the  leaves,  while  still  others  live  in  carpets,  woolens, 
furs,  seeds,  etc.  The  specific  names  of  these  moths  usually 
terminate  in  ella. 

The  Potato  Moth  (Fig.  224),  the  Clothes  Moth  (Fig.  225), 
and  the  Grain  Moth  (Fig.  226),  are  examples  of  this  Family. 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF   INSECTS. 


PLUME  MOTHS  (Pterophoridx) . — These  Moths  are  mostly  of 
a  small  size,  and  may  easily  be  recognized  as  they  have  the 
fore-wings  once  or  twice  notched  or  cleft  at  or  near  the  base; 
their  hind  wings  are  twice-cleft. 


Fig.  227. 


The  caterpillars  usually  live  exposed  upon  the  leaves  of 
plants  ;  they  are  thinly  covered  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  and  are 
provided  with  sixteen  legs.  When  about  to  shed  their  larva- 
skin  and  change  to  paupa?,  they  fasten  themselves  to  some 
object  by  the  underside  of  the  hind  part  of  the  body.  The 
chrysalids  generally  are  angular  and  sparsely  hairy. 

The  specific  names  of  these  insects  usually  end  in  dactylus. 

The  Grape  Plume-moth  (Fig.  227),  is  an  example  of  this 
Family. 


CHAP.    XIV. FAMILIES   OlP  tttPTERA.  87 

CHAPTER    XIV. 
FAMILIES  OP  DIPTERA.     (Two-winged  Flies.) 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  Order  are  divided  into  two 
Classes,  as  follows: 

CLASS  I. — LONG-HORNED  FLIES  (Nemocera). — In  these  insects 
the  antennae  are  usually  long  and  composed  of  four  or  more 
joints.  None  of  these  flies  are  beneficial,  while  several  species 
are  occasionally  very  injurious.  The  pupa  has  the  members 
inclosed  in  separate  sheaths. 

CLASS  H.-^-SHORT-HORNED  FLIES  CBrachycera). — In  these 
insects  the  antennas  are  short  and  have  from  two  to  three 
joints,  although  in  a  few  kinds  the  last  joint  appears  to  be 
divided  into  two  or  more  joints  by  impressed  circles;  but  the 
difference  between  these  circles  and  the  real  divisions  is  easily 
observed.  These  organs  are  sometimes  bent  down  upon  the 
face,  and  the  last  joint  is  frequently  furnished  with  a  short 
bristle  (arista),  which  is  sometimes  pectinate,  or  plumose. 
The  pupa  rarely  has  the  different  members  inclosed  in  sepa- 
rate sheaths,  while  in  the  greater  numeer  it  is  inclosed  in  the 
hardened  skin  of  the  larva.  Some  of  these  insects  are  bene- 
ficial, but  the  greater  number  are  injurious. 

CLASS  I.     LONG-HORNED  FLIES.     (Nemocera.) 

MOSQUITOES  (Culicidse). — In  these  insects  the  mouth-parts 
consist  of  six  slender  pieces  or  lancets.  The  larvae  are  aquatic 
and  feed  upon  decaying  vegetable  matter.  It  is  only  the 
female  mosquitoes  that  bite,  and  sucJfaf  blood;  the  males  being 
perfectly  harmless  (Fig.  228). 

GALL-GNATS  (Cecidomyidse). — These  insects  are  usually  of 
small  size;  the  wings  are  furnished  with  three  or  four  longi- 
tudinal veins,  and  when  at  rest  are  generally  folded  flatly  upon 
the  back.  The  greater  number  of  these  insects  live  in  galls, 
but  a  few  kinds  live  in  decayed  vegetable  matter,  and  one  spe- 
cies, which  is  closely  related  to  the  Wheat  Midge,  feeds  upon 
the  gall-inhabiting  species  of  the  Grape  Phylloxera.  This 


88  NATURAL    HISTORY   OF    INSECTS. 

Family  contains  the  Hessian-fly  (Fig.  17),  Wheat  Midge  (Fig. 
229),  etc. 

CRANE-FLIES  (Tipulidx). — These  insects  are  usually  of  large 
size,  and  have  very  long,  slender  legs;  the  wings  frequently 
have  a  discal  cell,  the  ocelli  are  generally  wanting,  the  tibiae 
are  not  set  with  spines,  although  often  spurred  at  the  tip.  In 
the  genus  Chionea  the  wings  are  wanting.  The  larvae  gener- 
ally live  in  the  ground  and  feed  upon  the  roots  of  plants,  but 
in.  a  few  species  they  are  aquatic.  (See  Figs.  8  and  168.) 

Fig.  228.  Fig.  229. 


1 


FLEAS  (Pulicidae). — These  insects  are  destitute  of  wings, 
and  the  eyes  are  simple.  This  Family  contains  the  Fleas,  etc. 
One  Species,  the  Chigoe  or  Jigger,  burrows  beneath  the  skin  of 
man  and  of  other  animals. 

/- 

CLASS  II.     SHORT-HORNED  FLIES.     (Brachycera.) 

HORSE-FLIES  (Tabanidse). — These  insects  have  a  perfect 
discal  cell  in  their  wings,  the  third  longitudinal  vein  is  forked, 
and  the  third  joint  of  the  antennae  is  destitute  of  a  style  or 
bristle.  The  larvae  are  aquatic,  or  live  in  damp  situations, 
and  commonly  feed  upon  snails,  etc.;  the  pupae  are  covered 
(obtected).  The  female  flies  subsist  on  the  blood  of  animals, 
while  the  males  feed  upon  the  nectar  of  flowers.  The  Black 
Horse-fly  (Fig.  230)  belongs  to  this  Family. 

SYRPHUS-FLIES  (Syrphidse). — These  flies  have  a  perfect  discal 
cell  in  each  wing,  the  first  posterior  cell  is  closed,  and  there 
is  usually  a  spurious  or  false  vein  extending  part  of  the  way 


CHAP.    XIV. FAMILIES     OF    DIPTERA. 


89 


through  the  first  basal  and  first  posterior  cells.  These  insects 
fly  very  rapidly,  and  sometimes  balance  themselves  on  the 
wing,  like  a  hawk;  they  are  usually  banded  with  yellow, 
somewhat  like  a  wasp.  They  feed  on  the  nectar  of  flowers. 
The  larva?  of  a  few  species  are  aquatic,  but  the  greater  number 

are  terrestrial  and  feed  on  plant-lice  ;   one  species,  however, 

\fc»v 

Fig.  230. 


the  Narcissus-fly,  is  said  to  live  in  the  soil,  around  decayed 
bulbs.  The  pupae  are  coarctate,  and  the  slender  anterior  end 
of  the  larva  becomes  the  thickened  end  in  the  pupa.  (See 
Figs.  231  and  232.) 


Fig.  231. 


Fig.  232. 


BOT-FLIES  (JEstridse). — These  flies  usually  have  very  small 
antennae,  which  are  situated  in  rounded  pits  or  depressions  ; 
the  mouth-parts  are  small,  and  often  rudimentary  ,  the  body 


90 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


is  stout  and  hairy,  and  the  middle  of  the  face  is  generally  very 
narrow.  The  larva?  live  in  the  bodies  of  various  animals,  and 
enter  the  earth  to  change  to  pupae  ;  the  pupae  are  coarctate. 
The  female  flies  are  usually  oviparous,  but  one  species,  the 
Sheep  Bot-fly  (Fig.  233),  is  stated  by  Prof.  Riley  to  be  vivi- 
parous. The  Ox  Bot-fly  (Fig.  234)  and  the  Horse  Bot-fly 
(Fig.  235)  belong  to  this  family. 


Fig.  233. 


Fig.  234. 


HOUSE-FLIES  (Muscidse). — These  flies  have  the  third  joint 
of  the  antennae  furnished  with  a  style  which  is  either  pectinate, 
or  plumose,  or  sometimes  simple;  the  longitudinal  veins  of 
the  wings  are  not  forked,  and  the  proboscis  usually  ends  in  a 
fleshy  lobe.  The  pupae  are  coarctate.  Fig.  236. 


Fgt.  235. 


In  the  Tachina-flies,  the  style  of  the  antennae  is  simple,  or, . 
rarely,  pectinate.     These  Flies  (Fig  236)  are  among  the  most 
beneficial  of  insects,  since  their  larvae  live  within  the  bodies 
of  caterpillars,  etc.,  ultimately  causing  their  death. 


CHAP.    XV. — FAMILIES   OF    COLEOPTERA.  91 

Many  kinds  of  flies  have  the  antemial  style  either  pectinate 
or  plumose,  such  as  the  Blow-flies,  Flesh-flies,  House-flies, 
Stable-flies,  etc.  The  larvae  live  in  various  substances,  as  in 
excrements,  in  decayed  animal  or  vegetable  matter,  in  galls 
on  plants,  or  in  the  roots,  stems,  or  leaves  of  plants,  in  fruit, 
etc.,  and  are,  therefore,  to  be  mostly  regarded  as  injurious. 
One  species,  however,  the  Anthomyia  calopteni,  is  eminently 
beneficial,  as  it  feeds  upon  the  eggs  of  those  grasshoppers  or 
locusts  which  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  ground. 

The  Flesh-flies  (Fig.  22)  bring  forth  their  young  alive.  One 
of  this  species  of  flies  has  been  bred  from  a  wasp's  nest  which 
was  filled  with  dead  spiders,  in  the  body  of  which  the  parent- 
fly  had  laid  its  eggs. 


CHAPTER  XV. 
FAMILIES  OF  COLEOPTERA.     (Beetles.) 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  Order .  are  divided  into  four 
Classes,  according  to  the  number  of  joints*  in  their  feet; 
these  Classes  are  as  follows  : 

Fig.  237.  Fig.  238. 


*  By  the  term  "joint"  is  meant  the  node  or  part  between  two- joints,  i-i  this  sense 
the  part  of  our  arm  between  the  joints  of  the  elbow  and  wrist  would  be  called  a  joint 
The  joints  of  the  foot  (<arsws)are  numbered  from  the  shin  (tibia'  outwards;  thus  the 
joint  next  the  shin  is  the  first  joint,  the  one  next  to  this  is  the  second,  etc. 


92  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECETS. 

CLASS  I. — Beetles  with  five-jointed  feet  (Pentamera).  (See 
Fig.  103.) 

CLASS  II. — Beetles  with  five  joints  in  the  anterior,  and 
middle  feet,  and  only  four  joints  in  the  posterior  feet  (Hetero- 
mera).  (See  Fig.  119.) 

CLASS  III. — Beetles  with  four  joints  in  each  foot  (Tetra- 
mera);  such  as  the  Broad-necked  Prionus-beetle  (Fig.  237),  and 
the  Twelve-spotted  Diabrotica  (Fig.  238). 

CLASS  IV. — Beetles  with  only  three-jointed  feet  (Trimera)  ; 
such  as  the  Trim  Lady-bird  (Fig.  239). 


CLASS  I.     PENTAMERA. 

A  few  small  insects,  although  having  apparently  a  less  num- 
ber of  joints  in  their  feet  than  five,  are  placed  in  this  Class  ; 
in  these  the  first  joint  is  aborted,  or  rudimentary ;  these 
species  are  included  in  the  Sub-classes  II.  and  III.,  defined 
below. 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  Class  may  be  divided  into  six 
Sub-classes  as  follows  : 

SUB-CLASS  I.  (Filicornes). — Antennae  thread-like  (filiform), 
sometimes  tapering  to  the  tip  (Fig.  94);  habits  predaceous. 

SUB-CLASS  II.  (Clavicornes). — Antennae  becoming  thicker 
towards  the  tip  (clavate,  Fig.  92j.  These  insects  mostly  feed 
upon  decaying  vegetable  or  animal  matter. 

SUB-CLASS  III.  (Monilicornes.) — Antenna)  bead-like  (monil- 
iform);  wing  cases  very  short.  These  insects  usually  feed 
upon  decayed  animal  matter. 

SUB-CLASS  IV.  (Pecticornes.) — Antenna?  pectinate  or  comb- 
toothed  (Fig.  102);  they  feed  on  decayed  wood. 

SUB-CLASS  V.  (Lamellicornes.) — Antenna)  lamellate  (Figs. 
100  and  101).  These  insects  feed  upon  excrements  or  on 
plants. 

SUB-CLASS  VI.  (Serricornes.) — Antennae  usually  saw- 
toothed  (serrate,  Fig.  99).  Some  of  these  insects  are  preda- 
ceous, but  the  greater  number  live  within  the  stems  or  branches 
of  shrubs  or  trees. 


CHAP.    XV. — FAMILIES    OF    COLEOPTERA. 


93 


SUB-CLASS  I.     (Filicornes). 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  Sub-class  may  be  divided  into 
two  Tribes,  as  follows  : 

TRIBE  L  Predaceous  Ground-Beetles. — These  insects  are 
most  terrestrial  in  their  habits,  and  usually  prey  upon  other 
insects  ;  the  hind  pair  of  trochantees  are  very  -  large,  much 
larger  than  in  any  other  insects. 

These  Beetles  are  divided  into  two  Families,  as  follows  : 

TIGER-BEETLES  (Cicindelidze).— These  insects  have  the  head 
nearly  vertical  and  wider  than  the  thorax  ;  the  antennaa  are 
inserted  on  the  front,  and  the  wing-cases  are  usuallv  marked 
with  white  and  yellow. 


Fig.  240. 


Fig.  241. 


Fig.  242. 


Fig.  243. 


The  larvae  are  provided  with  six  legs  ;  they  live  in  holes  in 
the  ground,  and  feed  upon  caterpillars  and  other  insects.  The 
Common  Tiger-beetle  (Fig.  240),  the  Generous  Tiger-beetle 
(Fig.  241),  and  the  Virginian  Tiger-beetle,  (Fig.  242),  are 
examples  of  this  Family. 

GROUND-BEETLES  (Carabidas). — These  in- 
sects have  the  head  horizontal,  or  but  little 
inclined,  and  generally  narrower  than  the 
thorax ;  the  antenna?  are  inserted  under 
the  sides  of  the  front,  and  the  color  is 
mostly  black. 

The  larva?  are  provided  with  six  legs  ; 
they  live  in  the  ground,  beneath  logs,  etc., 
and  feed  upon  other  insects.  The  adults 


94 


NATURAL   HISTORY   OF   INSECTS. 


are  usually  predaceous,  but  one  or  two  species  have  been 
known  to  feed  upon  the  green  seeds  of  various  plants.  The 
Gold-spotted  Ground-beetle  (Fig.  243)  is  an  example  of  this 
Family. 

TRIBE  IL  PREDACEOUS  WATER-BEETLES — These  insects  are 
aquatic  in  their  habits,  and  prey  upon  other  insects.  They 
comprise  two  Families,  as  follows  : 

DIVERS  (Dytisidse). — In  these  insects  the  antenna  are  slen- 
der and  filiform,  and  the  hind  pair  of  legs  are  widely  sepa- 
rated from  the  middle  pair. 

The  larva?  are  provided  with  six  legs.  The  Margined  Water- 
beetle  (Fig.  244)*  belongs  to  this  Family. 

WHIRLIGIG-BEETLES  (  Gyrinidse). — These  Beetles  have  the 
third  joint  of  the  antenna  very  large,  and  dilated  on  one  side ; 
the  eyes  are  divided  in  the  middle  ;  the  hind  pair  of  legs  are 
net  further  separated  from  the  middle  pair  than  the  first 
pair  are. 

Fig.  244. 


These  insects  are  frequently  seen  swimming  in  circles  upon 
the  surface  of  the  water.  The  larvae  are  six-legged,  and  usually 
have  a  row  of  long  appendages  on  each  side  of  the  body. 

*  PIG.  244.— The  larva  (a)  atid  the  pupa  (Zrt  are  not  those  of  the  beetle  figured  at  c; 
d  is  the  anterior  foot  of  the  male  ;  e,  that  of  the  iemaie. 


CHAP     XV. FAMILIES   OF    COLEOPTERA. 


SUB-CLASS  II.       (Clavicornes.) 


95 


These  insects  may  be  divided  into  two  Tribes,  as  follows: 

TRIBE  I.  Water  Scavenger-beetles. — These  Beetles  are 
aquatic  in  their  habits,  and  usually  feed  upon  decayed  vege- 
table matter;  they  generally  have  the  rntennse  strongly  clavate, 
and  the  palpi  are  sometimes  longer  ti.an  the  antennae.  They 
belong  to  two  Families,  as  follows:. 

LONG-TOED  WATER-BEETLES  (Parnidse, . — These  insects  have 
the  last  joint  of  each  foot  very  long,  the  feet  sometimes  are 
only  four-jointed,  the  palpi  are  moderate  in  length  and  the  legs 
are  not  fitted  for  swimming 

The  larvae  are  furnished  with  six  legs,  and  the  adults  are 
arc  usually  found  in  moist  or  wet  places. 

SHORT-TOED  WATER-BEETLES  (Hydrophilidds). — In  these 
Beetles  the  last  joint  of  each  foot  is  not  much  longer  than  the 
other  joints;  the  palpi  are  very  long,  and  the  legs  are  usually 
fitted  for  swimming. 


Fig.  245. 


The  larva?  of  a  few  species  are  predaceous,  but  the  greater 
number  of  them  feed  upon  decomposing  matter;  they  are  pro- 
vided with  six  legs.  The  Triangular  Water-beetle  (Fig.  245)* 
belongs  to  this  Family. 

*  The  larva  (a)  and  pupa  (c)  are  not  those  of  the  beetle  figured  at  b;  e  is  au  eeg 
case;  d  the  same  cut  open;  /,  an  antenna;  g,  anterior  foot  of  female;  h,  same  of  a 
male;  i,  side  view  of  the  spine  on  the  breast. 


NATURAL   HISTORY   OF   INSECTS. 


TRIBE  II.  Land  Scavenger-Beetles — These  insects  are 
terrestrial  in  their  habits,  and  feed  upon  decaying  or  dead 
animals,  "upon  funguses,  etc.,  and  a  few  kinds  are  found 
beneath  the  bark  of  dead  trees.  They  may  be  divided  into 
two  Sub-tribes,  as  follows* 


Fig.  247 


Fig.  246. 


Sub-tribe  I. — In  these  insects  the  body  is  rather  broad,  and 
the  antennas  are  clavate  or  capitate,  with  three  or  more  divis- 
ions in  the  club.  The  principal  Families  are  as  follows  : 

BURYING-BEETLES  (Silphidx). — These  insects  are  mostly  of 
a  large  size,  usually  over  half  an  inch  in  length;  the  hind 
trochanters  are  large;  and  the  thorax  has  a  thin  margin. 

These  Beetles  feed  upon  dead  animals,  which,  if  not  too 
large,  they  usually  bury  in  the  earth,  to  serve  as  food  for  their 
young.  The  latter  are  flattened  and  provided  with  six  legs. 
The  Black  Burying-beetle  (Fig.  246)*  belongs  to  this  Family. 

MUSEUM-BEETLES  ( Dernestidse. ) . — These  insects  are  less  than 
half  an  inch  long;  the  abdomen  is  covered  by  the  wing-cases > 
and  the  breast  is  prolonged  beneath  the  head. 

They  feed  upon  dead  animal  matter  (including  insects),  but 
several  kinds  are  now  and  then  very  destructive  to  carpets. 

The  larvae  are  generally  hairy  and  provided  with  six  legs. 
The  Rawhide-beetle  (Fig.  247)  belongs  to  this  Family.  (It 
is  sometimes  called  the  Bacon-beetle,  from  its  habit  of  feeding 
on  bacon,  ham,  etc.) 

*  FIG.  246.  —  a,  the  larva:  /,  Its  u^per  jaw;  g,  its  lower  Up;  h,  its  lower  jaw;  j,  its 
teuua;  k,  anterior  foot  of  the  beetle. 


CHAP.  XV. FAMILIES  OF  COLEOPTERA.  1)  < 

Sub-tribe  II, — In  this  division  the  body  is  more  or  less 
elongated ;  the  antenna?  are  filiform  or  loosely  clavate,  having 
sometimes  less  than  three  pieces  in  the  club. 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  Sub-tribe  are  mostly  preda- 
ceous.  The  principal  Families  are  as  follows  : 

TROGOSITA-BEETLES  (Trogositidse) . —  These  insects  have  all 
the  feet  five-jointed,  but  the.  first  joint  is  sometimes  very 
small,  so  that  it  cannot  be  seen  from  above ;  the  colors  are 
black  or  dull  red  ;  the  club  of  the  antenna  consists  of  three 
joints,  which  are  not  conspicuously  differing  in  size  ;  the  last 
joint  of  each  foot  is  very  long. 

These  insects  are  usually  found  under  the  bark  of  trees,  or 
in  granaries,  where  they  prey  upon  other  insects.  The  larvae 
ar0  six-legged. 

CUCUJUS-BEETLES  (Cucujidss). — These  insects  have  the  feet 
apparently  four-jointed ;    the   body   is    much   flattened  ;    the 
Fig.  248.         antennae'  are    usually   moniliform?    and   the 
jaws  generally  project  in  a  conspicuous  man- 
ner in  front  of  the  head  ;    the  color  is  brown 
or  red. 

They  are  frequently  found  under  the  bark 
of  trees,  but  some  kinds  inhabit  the  granary, 
where  they  feed  upon  the  grain,  bran,  etc. 
The  larvse  are  provided  with  six  legs.  The  Bran-beetle  (Fig. 
248)  belongs  to  this  Family. 

SUB-CLASS  III.     (Monilicornes.) 

These  insects    mostly   belong   to   the    Rove-beetle   Family 
(Staphylinidsi)  ;    the  wing-cases  never  cover  more   than   one 
half  of  the  abdomen  (Fig.  249),  which  latter  is       Fig.  249. 
long   and   slightly   flattened,    and    composed   of 
eight   segments ;    the    jaws    usually   cross   each 
other  when  at  rest. 

These  Beetles  commonly  turn  up  their  long, 
flexible  abdomens  when  running,  and  they  make 
use  of  this  doubling  to  fold  up  iheir  wings  be- 
neatt  the  wing-cases. 


98  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

The  greater  number  feed  upon  decaying  animal  and  vege- 
table matter,  but  some  are  predaceous  ;  others  live  in  the 
nests  of  ants  ;  while  one  species  has  been  bred  from  the  pupa 
of  a  Cabbage-maggot. 

The  larvae  (Fig.  172)  are  provided  with  six  legs. 

SUB-CLASS  IV.    (Pecticornes.) 

This  Sub-class  includes  the  single  Family  of  Stag-beetles 
(iMcanidse))  in  which  the  antenna3  are  usually  elbowed  (genie- 
ulate)  ;  the  joints  of  the  club  are  immovable,  and  the  jaws  of 
the  males  are  greatly  developed. 

These  insects  are  generally  of  a  large  size,  seldom  measuring 
less  than  half  an  inch  in  length ;  they  feed  upon  the  sap 
exuding  from  trees. 

The  larva?  live  in  decaying  wood  ;  their  bodies  are  com- 
monly curved  when  at  rest,  and  are  provided  with  from  four 
lo  six  legs. 

SUB-CLASS  V.     (Lamellicornes.)* 

In  these  insects  the  joints  in  the  club  of  the  antennae  are 
immovable.  This  Sub-class  includes  two  Tribes  of  widely 
differing  habits  ;  they  are  as  follows : 

^  TRIBE  L — These  insects  usually  have  the  abdomen  entirely 
covered  by  the  wing-cases  ;  the  hind  legs  are  attached  behind 
the  middle  of  the  abdomen. 

These  Beetles  live  in  excremental,  or  in  decomposing  ani- 
mal matter.  They  are  commonly  called  ''Tumble-bugs,"  and 
comprise  the  families  Gopridss,  Aphodidze,  Geotrupidse,  and 
Trogidse. 

TRIBE  II. — In  this  Tribe  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  is  never 
covered  by  the  wing-cases,  and  the  hind  pair  of  legs  are  placed 
at  or  before  the  middle  of  the  abdomen. 

These  Beetles  feed  upon  fruits  or  the  leaves  of  plants,  and 
their  larvse  live  in  the  ground  and  usually  feed  upon  the  roots 
of  plants.  The  three  principal  Families  are  as  follows : 


*  The  iusects  belougiug  to  this  Sub-class  are  sometimes  included  in  one  Familj 
the  Scardbieidte. 


CHAP.    XV. FAMILIES    OF    COLEOPTERA. 


99 


JUNE-BEETLES  (Melolonthidse). — In  these  insects  the  thorax 
is  unarmed :  the  upper  lip  is  usually  visible  in  front  of  the 
clypeus;  the  latter  is  separated  from  the  front  by  a  transverse 
suture;  the  two  claws  at  the  end  of  each  foot  are  forked;  the 
color  is  usually  brown,  sometimes  striped  with  white. 


Fig.  251. 


Fig.  252. 


This  Family  includes  the  destructive  White-grub  (Lachnos- 
terna  quercina,  Fig.  139,  »)  and  many  other  insects  which,  in 
the  larva  state,  feed  upon  the  roots  of  plants,  while  the  adults 
feed  upon  the  leaves. 

Fig.  253. 


The  larva?  have  the  body  curved,  and  furnished  with  six 
legs.  The  Rose-chafer  (Fig.  250),  the  Ten-lined  Leaf-eater 
(Fig.  251,  female;  Fig.  252,  male),  belong  to  this  Family. 


100 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


GRAPE-VINE  BEETLES  (Rutelidae). — These  insects  closely 
resemble  those  of  the  preceding  Family,  but  the  claws  at  the 
end  of  each  foot  are  of  an  unequal  length;  all  of  the  claws  are 
not  forked,  and  the  colors  are  brown  or  blackish. 

These  insects  are  occasionally  very  destructive  to  the  leaves 
of  various  trees,  and  especially  to  those  of  the  grape-vine. 
The  larvae  are  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  Family,  and 
usually,  live  in  decayed  wood.  The  Spotted  Pelidnota  (Fig. 
253)  belongs  to  this  Family. 

CETONIANS  (Cetonidas). — These  insects  usually  have  the  wing- 
cases  flattened  above,  and  slightly  narrower  at  the;  tip  than  at 
the  base;  the  two  claws  at  the  end  of  each  foot  are  of  equal 
length,  and  are  not  forked;  the  clypeus  is  not  separated  from 
the  front  by  a  transverse  suture. 

Fig.  225. 


Many  of  these  insects  are  diurnal  in  their  habits,  and  do  not 
raise  the  wing-cases  when  flying;  they  feed  upon  the  fruit  or 
leaves  of  plants,  and  a  few  species  live,  when  in  the  larval 
stage  (Fig.  255,  a),  in  decayed  wood.  The  Indian  Cetonia 
(Fig.  254),  and  the  Green  Fruit-beetle  (Fig.  225)  belong  to 
this  Family. 

SUB-CLASS  VI.     (Serricornes.) 

.The  insects  which  belong  to  this  Sub-class  are  divided  into 
three  Tribes,  as  follows: 

TRIBE  /.  Saw-horned  Borers.  In  these  Beetles  the  head 
is  inserted  into  the  thorax,  up  to  the  eyes;  the  wing  cases  are 
of  a  hard,  firm  texture;  the  antenna?  are  sometime  filiform 
and  the  breast  is  prolonged  behind  into  a  point,  which  is 
received  in  a  cavity  in  the  next  segment.  These  insects  com- 
prise two  Families,  as  follows: 


JOHJH  5. 

Civil  6-  Mechanical  Engineer. 


BUPRESTIS-BEETLES  (Buprestidx).  —  In  these  insects  the 
point  at  the  hind  part  of  the  breast  is  immovable;  the  antennae 
are  finely  serrate,  and  the  colors  are  usually  metallic. 

The  larvae  generally  have  the  fore  part  of  the  body  greatly 
dilated  and  flattened  (Fig.  54),  and  the  body  is  nearly  or 
wholly  destitute  of  legs;  they  live  in  the  stems,  roots,  or  trunks 
of  plants,  shrubs  or  trees,  and  are  sometimes  very  destructive. 


Fig.  256. 


Fig.  257. 


One  of  their  number,  the  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer  (Fig. 
138),  is  very  destructive  to  various  kinds  of  fruit-trees.  The 
Cherry-tree  Borer  (Fig.  256)  and  the  Raspberry  Borer  (Fig. 
257),  belong  to  this  Family. 

SPRING-BEETLES  (Elateridx). — -In  these  insets  the  point  at 
the  hind  end  of  the  breast  is  movable;  the  antenna3  are  some- 
times filiform,  and  the  colors  are  usually  brown  or  black. 

Fig.  258. 


They  are  at  once  distinguished  from  all  other  insects  by  the 
power  they  possess  of  suddenly  springing  into  the  air  when 
placed  upon  their  backs  upon  any  hard,  smooth  surface. 


102 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


The  larvae  live  in  decayed  wood  or  in  the  ground,  and  are 
provided  with  six  or  seven  legs,  and  are  commonly  known  as 
"Wire-worms  "  (Fig.  258,  -,  «,  and  9);  some  kinds  feed  upon  the 
roots  of  various  plants,  but  a  few  species  are  partially  pre- 
daceous.  The  Skip-jack  Beetles  (Fig.  258,  •>,  3>  and  e)  and  the 
Black  Melanactus  Fig.  259),*  belong  to  this  Family. 

Fig.  259 


+TRIBE  II.  Aberrant  AVood-Beetles.— These  insects  usually 
have  the  head  bent  down  and  partially  or  wholly  concealed 
beneath  the  thorax,  which  is  frequently  prolonged  in  front; 
in  some  the  body  is  elongated,  the  head  is  free  and  exposed, 
and  the  first  segment  is  very  long. 

These  insects  live  in  wood,  both  in  decayed  wood  and  in 
that  which  is  solid,  and  a  few  species  feed  upon  dead  animals, 
and  are  injurious  to  cabinets  of  Natural  History.  The  follow- 
ing is  the  principal  Family. 

*  The  larvae  figured  at  a  and  6  are  supposed  to  belong  to  this  species,  and  shovr 
after  night-fall,  as  Glow-worms,  a  beautiful  green  light. 


CHAP.  XV. FAMILIES  OF  COLEOPTERA 


103 


BRANCH-BORERS  (Ptinidae). — These  insects  have  the  fore- 
part of  the  thorax  produced  like  a  hood,  partially  or  wholly 
concealing  the  head  when  viewed  from  above  ;  the  first  segment 
of  the  abdomen  is  very  long  ;  there  are  sometimes  only  four 
joints  in  the  feet,  and  the  color  is  usually  black  or  brown. 


Fig.  260. 


Fig.  262. 


The  larvae  have  the  body  curved,  and  furnished  with  six 
legs.  The  Branch  and  Twig  Burrower  (Fig.  260),  the  Branch- 
borer  (Fig.  261),  and  the  Red-shouldered  Grape-vine  Borer 
(Fig.  262),  belong  to  this  Family. 

'  TRIBE  ILL  Soft-winged  Beetles — These  insects  usually 
have  soft  bodies  and  thin  flexible  wing-cases;  the  antenna?  are 
generally  serrate;  the  terminal  joint  of  the  palpi  is  widened 
and  somewhat  triangular;  the  thorax  is  usually  surrounded 
by  a  thin  margin ;  and  the  fourth  joint  of  each  foot  is  bilobed. 


Fig.  263. 


These  insects  are  predaceous,  both  in  the  larvae  and  in  the 
perfect  state;  the  larvae  usually  have  the  body  nearly  straight 
and  provided  with  six  legs.  The  foTlowing  is  the  principal 
Family. 

LIGHTNING-BEETLES  (Lampyridse,  also  called  "Fire-flies"). — 
In  these  Beetles^  the  body  is  rather  soft,  and  the  thorax  has  a 


104  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

thin  margin  which  sometimes  projects  over  the  head;  the 
abdomen  has  seven  or  eight  segments  ;  the  color  is  commonly 
black  or  brown,  and  some  kinds  have  the  thorax  margined 
with  red  or  yellow.  Many  of  these  Beetles  are  luminous,  both 
as  larvae  and  as  perfect  insects.  The  Common  Fire-fly  (Fig. 
263)  belongs  to  this  Family. 


CLASS  II.     HETEROMERA. 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  Section  have  uniformly  only  four 
joints  in  the  posterior  feet;  upon  the  whole  they  are  not  very 
injurious.  They  may  be  divided  into  three  Tribes,  as  follows: 

TRIBE  I  Parasitic  Beetles. — In  these  insects  the  head  is 
as  wide  as  the  thorax,  and  attached  to  it  by  a  visible  neck  ; 
the  body  is  rather  soft,  the  wing-cases  flexible  and  the  anterior 
coxae  are  contiguous.  The  two  principal  Families  are  as  fol- 
lows: 

BLISTER-BEETLES  (Meloidae). — These  insects  have  the  thorax 
rounded  at  the  sides;  the  abdomen  is  not  distinctly  pointed 
behind;  and  the  claws  at  the  end  of  each  foot  are  forked. 

The  larvae  are  usually  provided  with  six  legs,  and  live  in  the 
nests  of  Bees,  or  in  the  egg-masses  of  such  Grasshoppers  or 
Locusts  as  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  ground ;  the  perfect 
insects  feed  upon  the  leaves  or  flowers  of  plants. 

The  insects  belonging  to  the  genus  Meloe  are  destitute  of 
hind  wings. 

Several  species  belonging  to  the  genera  Lytta,  Cantharis, 
Epicauta,  etc.,  posess  a  blistering  (vesicating)  property,  and 
to  this  group  belongs  the  common  Spanish-fly.  The 
Striped  Blister-beetle  (Fig.  19)  and  the  Ash-colored  Blister- 
beetle  (Fig.  86),  belong  to  this  Family. 

Fig.  264  .  NOTOXUS-BEETLES  (Anthicidse). — These   are 

small  insects,  a  little  over  two  lines  long,  with 
filiform  antenna?;  the  claws  are  not  forked; 
the  thorax  is  sometimes  prolonged  in  the 
form  of  a  horn  (Fig.  264),  which  projects 
over  the  head;  the  neck  is  usually  slender, " 


CHAP.    XV. FAMILIES    OF    COLEOPTEKA. 


105 


and  the  head  can  be  moved  to  either  side  from  under  the 
extension  of  the  thorax.  These  beetles  have  been  known  to 
feed  on  flowers,  and  have  been  found  eating  into  peaches, 
apricots,  etc. 

TRIBE  II.  Bark-Beetles.— In  these  insects  the  fore  coxae 
nearly  or  fully  touch  each  other;  the  head  is  narrower  than 
the  thorax,  and  the  antennaB  are  usually  quite  long  and  slender. 
The  larvae  live  in  decayed  wood.  The  two  principal  Families 
are  the  Cistelidss  and  the  Melandryidte. 

TRIBE  III.  Darkling-Beetles.— In  these  insects  the  ante- 
rior coxa3  do  not  touch  each  other;  there  are  five  joints  in 
the  abdomen;  the  antennae  are  usually  moniliform;  the  color 
is  generally  black  or  brown. 


Fig.  265. 


Fig.  266. 


The  larva?  are  more  or  less  cylindrical,  and  provided  with 
six  legs;  they  closely  resemble  the  larvae  of  the  Spring-beetles, 
commonly  called  "Wire- Worms."  The  greater  number  live  in 
decayed  wood,  but  some  kinds,  such  as  the  Meal-worm  (Fig. 
265,  a)  are  found  in  granaries,  flour  mills,  etc. 

They  all  are  included  in  the  Family  of  Darkling-beetles 
(Tenebrionidse).  The  Large  Darkling  Grape-beetle  (Fig.  119), 
the  Meal- Worm-beetle  (Fig.  265,  c),  and  the  small  Darkling 
Grape-beetle  (Fig.  266),  belong  to  this  Family. 


CLASS  III.     TETRAMERA. 

In  this   Class  the  joints  of  the  feet  are  usually  dilated  and 
brush-like,  and  the  joint  next  to  the  last  is  generally  bilobed; 
8 


106 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


there  is  occasionally,  in  some  small  species,  a  rudimentary 
joint  between  the  third  and  fourth  joints. 

This  Class  contains  a  greater  number  of  injurious  insects 
than  all  the  other  Classes  combined.  It  is  divided  into  four 
Tribes,  as  follows: 

TRIBE  I. — -These  insects  have  the  head  more  or  less  pro- 
longed into  a  snout;  the  antennae  are  usually  capitate,  some- 
times clavate  or  serrate,  and  frequently  elbowed. 

The  two  principal  Families  are  as  follows: 


Fig.  267. 


BRUCHUS-WEEVILS  (Bruchidse). — In  these  insects  the  snout 

is  short  and  thick,  the  antennae 
are  serrate  and  not  elbowed,  and 
the  eyes  are  notched. 

These  insects  are  of  small  size; 
the  wing-cases  do  not  cover  the 
tip  of  the  abdomen. 

The  larvae  are  footless  and  usu- 
ally live  in  seeds.  To  this  Family 
belong  the  well-known  Pea- weevil  (Fig.  267),  and  the  Bean- 
weevil  (Fig.  268). 

SNOUT-BEETLES  (Curculionidss). — These  Beetles  are  desti- 
tute of  an  upper  lip  and  of  palpi;  the  antennae  are  clavate  and 
usually  elbowed;  the  snout  generally  projects  downward  and  is 
sometimes  very  long  and  slender. 

The  larvae  are  footless  and  are  provided  with  a  distinct 
head;  they  live  in  fruits,  nuts,  seeds,  etc.;  in  fact  there  is 


CHAP.    XV. FAMILIES    OF    COLEOPTERA. 


107 


scarcely   a   single   part   of  the  plant  that  is   not   sometimes 
infested  by  them. 

Fig.  270. 


Fig.  269. 


.  In  depositing  her  egg,  the  female  first  gnaws  a  hole  with  her 
jaws,  which  are  placed  at  the  tip  of  her  snout,  then  deposits 


Fig.  271. 


Fig.  272.  .•_ 


her  egg  at  the  entrance  of  this  hole,  after  which  she  turns 
around  and,  with  her  snout,  pushes  the  egg  to  the  bottom  of 
the  hole.  The  Plum-Curculio  (Fig.  268),  the  Apple- Curculio 


Fig.  273. 


(Fig*.    270   and   271),   the   Quince-Curculio     (Fig.   272),  the 
Plum-Gouger    (Fig.     273),     the     Potato-stalk    Weevil    (Fig. 


108 


NATURAL,    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


274),  and  the  Strawberry  Crown-bore^-  (Fig.  275),  belong  to 
this  Family. 

TRIBE  II.  Short-horned  Borers.— In  these  the  head  is 
not  prolonged  into  a  snout;  the  body  is  usually  short  and 
cylindrical;  the  antennae  are  clavate  or  capitate,  and  but  little 
longer  than  the  head;  the  joints  of  the  feet  are  not  dilated. 

These  insects  are  of  small  size,  and  usually  of  a  black  or 
brown  color.  The  larvae  bore  winding  galleries  in  the  solid 
wood  and  are  frequently  very  destructive,  especially  to  forest- 
trees.  The  insects  belong  to  the  Family  of  Short-horned 


Fig.  276. 


Fig.   277. 


Borers  (Scolytidx).     The   Pear-tree   Scolytus    (Fig.  276)  and 
the  Chestnut-bud  Beetle)  Fig.  277),  belong  to  this  Family. 

TRIBE  III.  Long-horned  Borers. — In  these  insects  the 
body  is  elongated  and  the  antennae  are  long  and  tapering, 
usually  longer  than  the  thorax,  and  frequently  as  long  as  the 
entire  body;  the  males  commonly  have  longer  antennae  than 
the  females.  The  sides  of  the  thorax  are  generally  furnished 
with  spines  or  teeth. 

Fig.  278. 


A  few  of  these  Beetles  have  very  short  wing-cases,  like  the 
Rove-beetles,  but  the  wings  are  not  folded  up  and  concealed 
beneath  the  wing-cases,  as  they  are  in  the  latter  insects. 


CHAP.  XV. FAMILIES  OF  COLEOPTERA. 


109 


The  larvae  (Fig.  278,  a)  are  footless,  or  nearly  so,  and  live 
in  the  stems  or  branches  of  various  plants,  shrubs,  or  trees, 
while  a  few  live  in  decayed  wood. 

Fig.  ££1 


The  insects  belong  to  the  Family  of  Long-horned  Borers 
(Cemmbyciddi),  and  are  among  the  most  destructive  of  insects. 
Hidden  as  they  are  from  the  eyes  of  man,  they  carry  on  their 
Filent  work  of  destruction  unnoticed,  until  the  withering  of 
the  plant  apprises  us  x)f  the  presence  of  these  depredators. 

Fig.  282. 


The  Round-headed  Apple-tree  Borer  (Fig-  278,  c),the  Hickory- 
borer  (Fig.  281),  the  American  Currant-borer  (Fig.  280),  and 
the  Locust-tree  Borer  (Fig.  279),  are  examples  of  this  Family. 


110 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


TRIBE  IV.  Plant-Beetles.— These  are  mostly  small  Beetles, 
seldom  exceeding  half  an  inch  in  length;  the  antennae  are 
either  filiform  or  slightly  clavate. 

Fig.  283 


Fig.    284. 


They  are  usually  diurnal  in  their  habits.  The  Iarva3  live 
upon  or  within  the  leaves  or  roots  of  plants;  they  are  provided 
with  six  legs,  and  the  body  is  generally  short  and  convex. 


Fig.  287. 


Fig.  288. 


These  insects  are  all  destructive  to  vegetation;  they  belong 
to  the  Family  of  Plant-Beetles  (Chrysomelidde').  The  Colorado 
Potato-beetle  (Fig.  282),  the  Steel-blue  Flea-beetle  (Fig.  283), 
the  Imported  Grape  Flea-beetle  (Fig.  284),  the  Cucumber  and 
Potato  Flea-beetles  (Fig.  285),  the  Striped  Cucumber-beetle 


CHAP.  XV. FAMILIES  OF  COLEOPTEBA. 


Ill 


(Fig.  286),  the  Twelve-spotted  Diabrotica  (Fig.  238),  and  the 
Tortoise-beetles  (Figs.  287  and  288),  belong  to  this  Family. 


CLASS  IV.     TRIMERA. 

These  insects  are  usually  of  a  small  size  and  more  or  less 
hemispherical  in  form;  the  last  joint  of  the  palpi  is  broadly 
hatchet-shaped;  the  joints  of  the  feet  are  dilated  and  cushion- 
like  beneath,  and  the  second  joint  is  deeply  bilobed. 

The  insects  belong  to  the  Lady-  Fig.  289 

bird    Family    (Coccinellidse),  and 
their  colors  are  usually  red  or  black  9 
never,  or  very  seldom,  marked  with 
stripes.     They  all  prey  upon  Plant- 
lice,    scale-insects,    small   caterpil- 
-ars,  etc.,  although   in  a   very  few 
instances  they  have  been  known  to 
attack  fruit  (as  the  California  Lady-bird,  Fig.  289);  but  this 
habit  is  very  exceptional. 


Fig.  290. 


The  larvae  are  furnished  with  six  legs;  and  when  about  to 
turn  to  pupae  they  attach  themselves  to  some  object  by  the 
hind  part  of  tjie  body.  The  Fifteen-spotted  Lady-bird  (Fig. 
290)  is  a  good  representative  of  this  Family. 


112 


NATURAL   HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

CHAPTER    XVI. 


r  FAMILIES  OF  HEMIPTERA.      (True  Bugs.) 
SUB-ORDER  I.     HOMOPTERA.     (Similar-winged  Bugs.) 

PLANT-LICE  (Aphidse).  —  These  insects  are  usually  provided 
'with  four  transparent  wings,  but  many  of  them  are  wingless; 
the  feet  are  two-jointed;  the  antennae  are  from  three  to  seven- 
jointed,  and  are  never  terminated  by  two  bristles;  the  abdo- 

Fig.  291. 


men  is  frequently  provided  with  two  tubercles,  or  long  tubes, 
near  the  posterior  end,  and  the  beak  appears  to  arise  from 
the  breast.  These  insects  are  usually  of  a  small  size;  they 

Fig.  292. 


subsist  on  the  juices  of  plants,  and  are  found  upon  the  roots, 
stems,  and  leaves;  a  few  species  form  galls.  They  are  gene- 
rally gregarious  in  their  habits,  and  the  early  broods  of  many 


CHAP.    XVI. FAMILIES    OF    HEMIPTERA. 


113 


species  are  viviparous,  while  the  last  broods  of  the  season  are 
oviparous. 

From  their  honey-tubes  they  occasionally  eject  a  sweet  fluid, 
of  which  the  ants  and  flies  are  very  fond.  The  Cabbage- Aphis 
(Fig.  23),  the  Grain-Aphis  (Fig.  291),  and  the  Woolly-Aphis 
(Fig.  292),  belong  to  this  Family. 


MEALY-WINGED  BUGS  (Aleurodidae). — These  insects  have  four 
opaque  wings,  which  are  covered  with  a  mealy  powder ;  the 
feet  are  two-jointed,  and  the  beak  apparently  arises  from  the 


114 


NATURAL    HISTORY   OF    INSECTS 


breast;  the  antennae   are   six-jointed.      These   insects   are  of 
email  size,  and  feed  upon  the  juices  of  plants. 

Fig.  294. 


CHAP.    XVI. FAMILIES    OF    HEMIPTEKA. 


115 


SCALE-INSECTS  (Coccidsi). — In  these  insects,  which  are  also 
called  "Bark-lice,"  the  females  (Fig.  293,  lc,>  are  wingless, 
while  the  males  (Fig.  293,  la,)  are  each  provided  with  two 
more  or  less  transparent  wings  ;  the  feet  are  one-jointed  and 
terminate  in  a  single  claw.  Some  species  are  oviparous,  while 
others  are  viviparous.  The  Lemon-peel  Scale  (Fig.  293),  the 
Black-Scale  (Fig.  294),  and  the  Cottony  Cushion-Scale  (Fig. 
295),  belong  to  this  Family.  [For  additional  examples  see 
Chapter  XX,  011  Scale  Insects.] 

JUMPING  PLANT-LICE  (Psyllidae'). — The  insects  belonging  to 
this  Family  are  of  small  size,  and  have  four  transparent  wings  ; 
the  feet  are  two-jointed;  the  antenna?  are  nine 'or  ten-jointed? 
the  last  joint  terminating  in  two  short  bristles  ;  the  beak 


Fig.  296. 


Fig.  297. 


apparently  arises  from  the  breast.  These  insects  possess  the 
power  of  jumping  ;  they  subsist  on  the  juices  of  plants,  and  a 
few  species  live  in  galls.  The  Pear-tree  Psylla  (Fig.  296,  adult; 
297,  pupse)  belongs  to  this  Family. 

LEAF-HOPPERS  (Cercopidse). — These  insects  are  provided  with 
four  wings,  the  first  pair  of  which  are  thick  and  leathery;  the 
Fig.  298.  feet  are  three-jointed  ;    the  ocelli  are  two 

in  number  or  are  entirely  wanting  ;  the 
antennae  are  two-jointed.  In  a  few  spe- 
cies the  thorax  arises  in  the  form  of  a 
hump  or  a  horn,  or  like  a  high  crest ;  in 
others  it  is  produced  on  each  side  in  the 
form  of  a  small  horn  (as  in  the  Buffalo 
Tree-hopper,  Fig.  155).  These  insects 


116 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


subsist  on  the  juices  of  plants,  and  a  few  kinds  envelop 
themselves  in  a  mass  of  froth  called  "frog-spittle."  The  Cali- 
fornia Grape-vine  Hopper  (Fig.  298)  belongs  to  this  Family. 

LANTERN-FLIES  (Fulgoridse] . —  These  insects  are  Fig.  299. 
provided  with  four  wings,  the  first  pair  of  which 
are  usually  opaque ;  the  feet  and  antennae  are 
three-jointed,  and  the  head  is  sometimes  furnished 
with  a  high,  thin  ridge  ;  the  two  ocelli  are  placed 
beneath  the  eyes.  The  Frosted  Leaf-hopper  (Fig. 
299)  belongs  to  this  Family. 

HARVEST-  FLIES  (  Cicadidss  ).  —  These  insects,  improperly 
termed  "Locusts,'7  are  provided  with  four  large  transparent 
wings  ;  the  feet  are  three-jointed  ;  the  antennaB  small,  and  six 
or  seven-jointed,  and  on  the  top  of  the  head  are  three  ocelli. 
These  insects  are  of  a  large  size  ;  they  deposit  their  eggs  in 
slits  made  in  the  twigs  of  trees  (Fig.  300,  d),  and  the  young> 

Fig.  300. 


when  hatched,  drop  to  the  grcund,  which  they  enter,  and  where 
they  are  supposed  to  feed  upon  the  roots  of  plants.  One 
species,  the  Seventeen-year  Locust  (Fig.  300),  requires  seven- 
teen years  to  complete  its  growth. 


CHAP.    XVir. FAMILIES   OF    HEMIPTERA.  117 

CHAPTER   XVII. 
ORDER  V.     HEMIPTERA,     (True  Bugs.) 

SUB-ORDER  II.     HETEROPTERA.     (Dissimilar-winged  Bugs.) 

WATER-BOATMEN  (Notonectidae). — These  insects  have  con- 
vex bodies  and  are  provided  with  four  wings;  the  hind  legs 
are  very  long  and  fringed;  the  antennae  are  minute  and  con- 
cealed in  cavities;  the  feet  are  two  or  three-jointed;  the  ocelli 
are  wanting,  and  the  head  is  nearly  as  wide  as  the  body. 

These  insects  live  in  the  water  and  are  predaceous  in  their 
habits;  they  seldom  exceed  six  lines  in  length. 

WATER-SCORPIONS  (Nepidss). — These  insects  have  very  flat 
bodies  and  are  furnished  with  four  wings;  the  anterior  legs 
-are  fitted  for  grasping,  and  are  placed  well  forward;  the 
-antennae  are  minute  and  are  concealed  in  cavities;  the  feet 
are  one  or  two-jointed,  and  the  ocelli  are  wanting, 

These  insects  are  aquatic,  and  feed  upon  other  insects;  they 
are  usually  quite  large. 

GALGULA-BUGS  (Galgulidse). — In  this  Family  the  body  is 
broad  and  flat  and  provided  with  four  wings;  the  antennae 
are  minute  and  concealed  in  cavities;  the  eyes  are  placed  at 
the  outer  end  of  a  stem  or  pedicel;  the  ocelli  are  present;  the 
feet  are  one  or  two-jointed,  and  the  anterior  thighs  are  enlarged. 

These  insects  live  in  damp  situations  and  are  supposed  to 
feed  upon  other  insects;  they  are  ordinarily  smaller  (although 
of  nearly  the  same  form)  than  the  representation  in  Fig.  304. 

WATER-MEASURERS  (Hydrometridx) . — These  insects 'have 
a  long  slender  body,  and  are  usually  provided  with  four  wings, 
but  in  a  few  species  these  organs  are  wanting;  the  antennae 
are  quite  long  and  slender;  the  ocelli  are  sometimes  wanting; 
the  feet  are  two  or  three-jointed,  and  the  four  posterior  legs 
are  generally  very  long  and  slender. 

The  insects  are  aquatic,  and  the  adults  may  frequently  be 
seen  running  over  the  surface  of  the  water;  they  feed  upon 
other  insects  and  are  usually  less  than  six  lines  long. 


118 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


PIRATE-BUGS  (Reduvidae). — In  this  Family  the  body  is 
usually  elongated  and  provided  with  four  wings,  but  in  a  few 
species  these  are  either  rudimentary  or  entirely  wanting;  the 
antennae  are  of  moderate  size  ;  the  ocelli  are  present ;  the  feet 
are  three-jointed;  and  the  beak  when  folded  back  is  not 
received  in  a  channel. 

A  few  species  are  aquatic,  but  the  greater  number  are  terres- 
trial and  feed  upon  other  insects.  The  Banded  Robber  (Fig. 
154)  belong  to  this  Family. 

CHINCH-BUGS  (Lygasidse). — These  insects  are  provided  with 
four  wings;  the  antennae  are  conspicuous  and  four-joined, 
the  terminal  joint  being  as  thick  as  the  preceding  one;  the 
ocelli  are  sometimes  absent. 

These  insects  are  terrestrial  and  usually  subsist  on  the 
juices  of  plants,  but  a  few  species  are  said  to  be  predaceous. 
The  Chinch-bug  (Fig.  85)  is  occasionally  very  destructive  to 
wheat  and  corn;  it  is  of  a  black  color,  with  white  wings  which 

Fig.  301. 


are  marked  with  a  black  spot  on  the  outer  edge  of  each.     The 
False  Chinch-bug  (Fig.  301)  also  belongs  to  this  Family. 

SQUASH-BUGS  (Coreidds). — These  insects  are  furnished  with 
four  wings;  the  antennae  are  conspicuous  and  four-j6inted, 
the  terminal  joint  being  as  thick  or  thicker  than  the  preceding 
one;  the  ocelli  are  present. 

These  insects  are  terrestrial  and  usually 
subsist  on  the  juices  of  plants,  but  a  few  spe- 
cies are  said  to  be  partially  predaceous.  The 
Squash-bug  (Fig.  163)  is  sometimes  very  de- 
structive to  squash  and  pumpkin  vines;  it  is 


Fig.  302. 


CHAP.    XVII. FAMILIES    OF    HEMIPTERA. 


119 


Fig.  304. 


Fig.   304. 


blackish-brown  above  and  dirty-yellowish  beneath,  and  meas- 
ures about  seven  lines  in  length.  The  Three-striped  Plant-bug 
(Fig.  302)  also  belongs  to  this  Family. 

PLANT-BUGS  (Capsidve). — These  insects  are  terrestrial  and 
are  provided  with  four  wings;  the  ocelli 
are  absent;  the  antenna?  are  four-jointed, 
with  the  terminal  joint  thinner  than  the 
preceding  one. 

The  insects  mostly  subsist  on  the  juices 
of  plants,  but  a  few  species  are  predaceous. 
The  Border  Plant-Bug  (Fig.  303)  belongs 
to  this  Family. 

SOLDIER-BUGS  (Scutelleridse}. — These  insects  usually  have 
a  broad  and  flattened  body,  and  are  furnished  with  four  wings; 
the  scutellum  extends  to  or  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  abdomen;  the  antennae  are 
conspicuous  and  are  from  three  to  five- 
jointed. 

The  greater  number  of  these  insects  sub- 
sist on  the  juices  of  plants,  but  a  few  spe- 
cies feed  upon  other  insects.  The  Spined 
Soldier-bug  (Fig.  114)  and  the  Negro-bug  (Fig.  304)  belong  to 
this  Family. 

THRIPS  (Thripidx). — These  insects  are  of 
a  small  size,  and  are  provided  with  four  nar- 
row wings,  which  are  fringed;  the  mouth  is 
furnished  with  jaws;  the  ocelli  are  present; 
and  the  antenna  are  from  five  to  nine- 
jointed. 

Some  of  these  insects  are  vegetable  feeders, 
while  others  are  said  to  prey  upon  other  in- 
sects. The  Common  Thrips  (Fig.  161,  adult; 
Fig.  305,  pupa)j  belongs  to  this  Family. 

BED-BUG  (Membranaceidse). — In  this  Family  the  body  is 
quite  broad,  and  is  sometimes  provided  with  four  wings,  but 
these  organs  are  frequently  wanting;  the  beak  is  received  in 


Fig.  305. 


120  NATUKAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

a  channel,  when  not  in  use;  the  ocelli  are  usually  wanting, 
the  antennae  are  generally  four-jointed,  with  the  terminal  joint 
thicker  than  the  preceding  one;  the  feet  are  three-jointed. 

Some  of  these  insects  subsist  on  the  juices  of  plants;  others 
are  predaceous;  while  a  few,  like  the  Bed-bug,  are  parasitic. 

The  Tingis  (Figs.  306  and  307,  enlarged)  belongs  to  this 
Family;  it  feeds  upon  the  juices  of  plants. 

Fig.  306. 

J* 

Fig.  309. 


LICE  (Pcdiculidse) . — These  insects  are-  of  a  small  size  and 
are  destitute  of  wings;  the  antennae  are  filiform  and  five-jointed; 
the  feet  are  two-jointed,  with  a  large  terminal  hook;  and  the 
mouth  parts  are  retractile. 

These  insects,  so  far  as  at  present  determined,  all  live  para- 
sitical upon  man. 

BIRD-LICE  (Mallophagidsi) , — These  insects  are  of  small  size 
and  are  destitute  of  wings;  the  mouth  is  furnished  with  jaws; 
the  antennae  are  from  three  to  five-jointed;  the  feet  are  two- 
jointed,  and  usually  terminate  in  one  or  two  claws. 

These  insects  live  parasitical  upon  birds  and  other  animals. 


CHAP.  XVIII. FAMILIES   OF    OBTHOPTERA.  121 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

I**  »A     •  .    , 

FAMILIES  OF   ORTHOPTERA.     (Grasshoppers,  Crickets,  etc.) 
This  Order  is  usually  divided  into  four  Classes,  as  follows : 

I.  RUNNERS   (Cursoria). — In   this   Class   the   body   is   not 
greatly  elongated,  and  the  legs  are  fitted  for  running. 

II.  GRASPERS    (Raptoria). — The   insects   which   belong   to 
this  Class  have  the  anterior  legs  very  robust,  and  fitted  for 
seizing   and    retaining   their    prey,   which   consists   of    other 
insects. 

III.  WALKERS    (Ambulatoria) . — These  insects   have   long 
cylindrical  bodies,  which  are  destitute  of  wings  ;*  the  legs  are 
very  long  and  slender,  and  the  insects  are  decidedly  sluggish 
in  their  habits. 

IV.  JUMPERS  (Saltatoria). — These  insects  have  the  poste- 
rior thighs  very  robust ;  they  usually  move  by  short  jumps 
or  leaps  ;  the  greater  number  are  provided  with  four  wings, 
but  a  few  species  are  destitute  of  these  organs. 

I.     RUNNERS  (Cursoria). 

This  Class  contains  two  Families,  as  follows  : 
•EARWIGS  (Forficularidas). — These  insects  have  a  more  or 
less  cylindrical  body,  which  is  furnished  at  the  tip  with  a 
forceps-like  appendage ;  the  wing-cases  are  very  short  and 
meet  each  other  in  a  straight  line  on  the  back  ;  the  hind  wings, 
when  not  in  uset  are  folded  both  lengthwise  and  crosswise, 
and  are  concealed  beneath  the  wing-cases. 

These  insects  (Fig.  41)  feed  upon  various  kinds  of  fruits  and 
flowers  ;  they  deposit  their  eggs  beneath  stones,  etc.,  and  in  a 
few  species  the-  female  broods  over  them  like  a  hen,  until  they 
are  hatched. 

COCKROACHES  (Blattidai). — The  insects  which  belong  to  this 
Family  have  a  flattened  body,  which  is  destitute  of  the  anal 
forceps  that  characterize  the  insects  belonging  to  the  preceding 

*  Winged  species  occur,  however,  in  some  tropical  countries. 

9 


122  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

Family.  In  some  species  both  sexes  are  wingless  in  the  adult 
state ;  in  others  the  males  are  provided  with  wings,  while  the 
females  have  these  organs  greatly  aborted  ;  in  still  others,  both 
sexes  are  furnished  with  wings. 

These  insects  are  nocturnal  in  their  habits,  and  are  occa- 
sionally very  troublesome  about  the  kitchen,  etc.  The  female 
deposits  her  eggs  in  a  large  elongated  brown  capsule  or  pod, 
each  capsule  containing  about  thirty  eggs,  arranged  in  two 
rows. 

II.    GRASPERS  (Raptoria). 

This  Class  is  composed  of  the  Mantis-Family  (Mantidae, 
Fig.  142)  ;  they  are  the  only  insects  belonging  to  this  Order 
which  are  beneficial.  They  deposit  their  eggs  in  masses  of  a 
hundred  or  more  (Fig.  308);  fastening  them  to  the  twigs  of 
trees  or  to  other  objects. 

Fig.  308. 


III.  WALKERS  (Ambulatoria'). 

This  Class  includes  the  single  Family  of  Walking-sticks 
(Phasmidas).  The  insects  feed  upon  the  leaves  of  plants,  and 
sometimes  occur  in  destructive  numbers.  The  females  scatter 
their  eggs  indiscriminately  upon  the  ground  beneath  them. 

IV.  JUMPERS  (Saltatoria). 

This  Class  comprises  three  Families,  as  folllow  : 

CRICKETS  (Gryllidse). — These  insects  have  a  more  or  less 

cylindrical  body,   and  the  anterior  or  upper  wings  are  bent 

downward  abruptly  at  the  sides,  although  in  a  few  species  the 

wings  are  entirely  wanting. 

The  Mole-crickets  have  the  anterior  pair  of  legs  very  robust 

and  flattened  at  the  outer  end  ;  they  are  provided  with  wings, 


CHAP.    XVIII. FAMILIES    OF    ORTHOPTERA.  123 

and  live  In  burrows  in  moist  ground.     The  eggs  are   laid  in 
large  holes  excavated  in  their  burrows. 

The  Tree-crickets  (Fig.   309)   are  of  a  pale  greenish  color; 

they  are  very  slightly  built,  and 
Fig.  309.  Jf        ,      J         '    .  J     ,  .    '       f 

are  found  upon  various  kinds  of 

plants.  The  females  deposit 
their  eggs  in  slits  made  in  some 
tender  plant  by  means  of  their 

awl-like  ovipositors.  The  males,  produce  a  shrilling  noise  by 
elevating  their  anterior  wings  and  rubbing  the  edges  together. 
The  Field-crickets  are  mostly  of  a  brownish  color,  and  many 
of  them  are  entirely  destitute  of  wings;  they  deposit  their  eggs 
in  crevices  in  the  earth. 

KATYDIDS  OR  GREEN  GRASSHOPPERS  (Locustidse). — These 
insects  (Fig.  141)  are  usually  of  a  green  color;  their  legs  and 
antennae  are  very  long  and  slender,  and  the  females  are  fur- 
nished with  a  sword-shaped  ovipositor.  The  eggs  are  depos- 
ited in  one  or  more  rows  upon 

-  ,'  Fig.  310. 

the  leaves  or  twigs  of  trees  _ 

or  plants  (Fig.  310).      The 

males  make  a  shrilling  noise 

by  means  of  a  glassy  instrument,   situated  at  the  base  of  the 

anterior  wings. 

LOCUSTS  01?  BROWN  GRASSHOPPERS  (Acrididai).  —  These 
insects  have  shorter  and  stouter  legs  and  antennae  than  those 
belonging  to  the  two  preceding  Families.  They  are  mostly  of 
a  brownish  color,  and  deposit  their  eggs  in  masses  in  holes 
excavated  in  the  earth  (Fig.  39),  or  in  logs;  these  holes  are 
dug  by  aid  of  the  horny  plates  which  are  situated  at  the  tip 
of  the  abdomen. 

The  males  of  a  few  species  make  a  creaking  noise  by  rub- 
bing their  hind  legs  against  the  edges  of  the  wing-covers; 
others  produce  a  rattling  sound,  when  on  the  wing,  by  rubbing 
the  upper  surface  of  the  wings  against  the  wing-cases. 

These  insects  may  be  further  divided  into  two  Sub-families, 
as  follows: 


124  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

GROUSE-LOCUSTS  (Tittiginse). — This  group  contains  insects 
of  a  small  size,  in  which  the  upper  part  of  the  thorax  is  pro- 
longed backward  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  and  some- 
times beyond  it. 

TRUE  LOCUSTS  (Acridinx). — In  this  group  the  upper  part  of 
the  thorax  extends  but  little,  or  not  at  all,  upon  the  base  of 
the  abdomen  (Fig.  89 ) .  This  group  contains  the  more  promi- 
nently injurious  species,  such  as  those  which  migrate  in 
swarms  in  immense  numbers. 


CHAPTER    XIX. 

FAMILIES  OF  NEUROPTERA.     (Dragon-Flies,  May-Flies,  etc.) 

WHITE  ANTS  (Termitidse). — These  insects  are  provided  with 
four  wings  of  equal  size;  the  antennae  are  conspicuous,  and 
the  feet  are  four-jointed;  transformations  incomplete.  The 
common  White  Ant  is  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  and  is 
occasionally  injurious  to  growing  trees  by  gnawing  the  bark 
near  the  roots,  but  is  more  often  met  with  in  decayed  wood. 

FUNGUS-FLIES  (Psocidse). — These  insects  are  usually  provided 
with  four  wings  (Fig.  144),  of  which  the  hind  pair  is  the  small- 
est; in  some,  however,  all  the  wings  are  rudimentary,  in 
others,  entirely  wanting;  the  feet  are  from  two  to  three- 
jointed;  the  antennae  are  conspicuous;  transformations  in- 
complete. These  insects  usually  feed  upon  dry  vegetable 
substance,  especiallv  upon  lichens,  and  a  few  kinds  are  injuri- 
ous to  collections  of  Natural  History. 

PERLA-FLIES  (Perlidas). — These  insects  have  four  wings  of 
equal  size,  else  the  hind  wings  are  the  broadest;  all  the  wings 
are  sometimes  rudimentary;  the  antennae  are  very  long,  and 
the  feet  are  three-jointed;  in  many  species  there  are  two  long 
bristles  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  abdomen;  transformations 
incomplete.  The  larv®  of  the  greater  number  of  these  insects 
are  aquatic. 

MAY-FLIES   (Ephemeridsi). — The   insects   belonging   to   this 


CHAP.    XIX. FAMILIES    OF    NEUBOPTERA.  125 

Family  usually  have  four  wings,  but  the  posterior  pair  are 
sometimes  wanting ;  the  mouth-parts  are  obsolete ;  the  an- 
tennae are  short  and  three-jointed,  and  the  abdomen  is  gener- 
ally furnisfeed  at  the  tip  with  two  or  three  slender  bristles ; 
the  feet  have  from  four  to  five  joints  ;  transformations  incom- 
plete. After  issuing  from  the  pupa  the  insect  is  usually 
enveloped  in  a  thin  film,  when  it  is  termed  the  sub-imago;  it 
soon  casts  off  this  filmy  covering  and  appears  as  the  perfect 
insect  or  imago.  The  larvae  are  aquatic,  and  feed  upon  other 
insects,  etc.  ;  they  are  supposed  to  remain  from  two  to  three 
years  in  the  larva  state,  although  the  adults  live  but  a  few 
hours.  These  flies  quite  closely  resemble  the  Ichneumon-flies 
(Fig.  131),  but  their  antennae  are  much  shorter,  and  their 
bodies  weaker. 

DRAGON-FLIES  (Libellulidse;  also  called  Odonata). — These 
insects  are  provided  with  four  wings  of  nearly  equal  size  (Fig. 
143)  ;  the  antennae  are  inconspicuous,  and  from  four  to  seven- 
jointed  ;  the  feet  are  three-jointed,  and  the  abdomen  is  destitute 
of  anal  bristles  ;  transformations  incomplete.  The  larvae  are 
aquatic  and  feed  upon  other  insects  ;  they  have  a  peculiar 
syringe-like  apparatus  beneath  the  posterior  part  of  the  body 
by  which  they  are  enabled  to  draw  in  a  small  quantity  of 
water  and  then,  forcibly,  to  eject  it  backwards,  thus  driving 
themselves  forward  at  a  rapid  rate. 

These  insects  are  divided  into  two  groups,  viz. : 

Agrioninse,  in  which  the  head  is  very  broad  ;  the  eyes  are  wide 
apart,  and  the  wings,  when  at  rest,  are  raised  over  the  back. 

Libellulinas,  in  which  the  head  is  nearly  globular  ;  the  eyes 
usually  touch  each  other,  and  the  wings  are  expanded  when 
at  rest  (Fig.  143). 

SIALIS-FLTES  (Sialidae). — These  insects  are  provided  with 
four  wings  of  nearly  equal  size  ;  the  antennae  are  conspicuous, 
and  the  feet  are  four  or  five-jointed  ;  transformations  complete. 
The  larvae  are  predaceous  ;  some  are  aquatic,  while  others  live 
upon  trees,  etc.  In  some  species  the  pupa  is  capable  of  mov- 
ing about,  although  enveloped  in  a  thin  covering  or  skin. 


126  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

LACE-WINGED  FLIES  (Hemerobida? ) . — The 'insects  belonging 
to  this  Family  have  four  wings  of  nearly  equal  size  ;  the 
antennae  are  long,  and  the  feet  are  five-jointed;  transforma- 
tions complete.  The  larvae  are  usually  terrestrial.  This 
Family  contains  many  beneficial  insects  ;  prominent  among 
which  are  the  Lace- winged  (Tig.  21)  and  the  Golden-eyed  Flies, 
the  larvae  of  which  (Fig.  47  J  feed  upon  Plant-lice  ;  when  fully 
grown  each  of  these  larvae  spins  a  globular  cocoon,  inside  of 
which  it  assumes  the  pupa  form  ;  when  the  perfect  insect  is 
nearly  ready  to  emerge,  the  pupa  issues  from  the  cocoon  and 
fastens  itself  to  a  neighboring  object  by  its  feet ;  in  a  short 
time  the  skin  on  its  back  is  rent,  and  the  perfect  insect  makes 
its  escape.  Another  member  of  this  Family  is  the  Ant-lion, 
the  larvae  of  which  excavate  funnel-shaped  holes  in  the  earth 
in  which  to  entrap  their  prey,  which  consists  principally  of 
ants. 

SCORPION-FLIES  (Panorpidae). — These  insects  are  usually 
provided  with  four  wings  of  equal  size,  but  in  a  few  species 
the  wings  are  rudimentary  or  wanting  ;  the  antennae  are  con- 
spicuous, and  the  feet  are  five-jointed  ;  transformations  com- 
plete ;  the  mouth-parts  are  produced  somewhat  in  the  form  of 
a  beak.  The  larvae  are  generally  terrestrial,  and  are  probably 
predaceous. 

CADDIS-FLIES  (Phryganidae). — These  insects  have  four  wings, 
in  which  the  transverse  veins  are  not  numerous  ;  the  antennae 
are  quite  long,  and  the  feet  are  five*jointed  ;  the  mouth-parts 
are  not  distinct ;  transformations  complete.  The  larvae  are 
usually  aquatic,  living  in  silken  tubes,  to  which  they  frequently 
attach  small  shells,  pieces  of  wood,  and  other  small  objects. 
They  feed  upon  vegetable  matter,  and  sometimes  devour  small 
insects. 


CHAP.    XX. SCALE-INSECTS.  127 


CHAPTER    XX. 

SCALE-INSECTS. 

The  Scale-insects,  Scale-bugs,  Bark-lice,  Mealy-bugs,  etc., 
comprise  a  group  of  insects  belonging  to  the  Sub-order  Ho- 
moptera,  and  to  the  Family  Coccidse. 

In  many  respects  this  is  a  very  anomalous  group  of  insects, 
differing  greatly  even  from  closely  allied  forms,  in  appearance, 
habits,  and  metamorphosis.  Not  only  do  the  members  of  this 
Family  appear  very  different  from  other  insects  belonging  to 
the  same  Sub-order,  but  there  is  a  wonderful  variety  of  forms 
within  the  Family;  and  even  the  two  sexes  of  the  same  species? 
in  the  adult  state,  differ  as  much  in  appearance  as  insects 
belonging  to  different  Orders. 

The  more  striking  characteristics  in  which  these  insects 
agree,  and  by  which  they  may  be  distinguished  from  other 
insects  belonging  to  the  same  Sub-order,  are  the  following: 
The  females  never  possess  wings;  the  males  are  winged  in  the 
adult  state,  but  possess  only  one  pair  of  wings,  the  second 
pair  being  represented  by  a  pair  of  small  club-like  organs 
called  "  halteres,"  each  of  which  is  usually  furnished  with  a 
bristle.  The  scale  of  the  female  is  usually  broader  than  that 
of  the  male  in  the  scale-bearing  species.  This  Family  is 
divided  into  three  Sub-families,  as  follows: 

SUB-FAMILY  I.  (Diaspinse). — These  insects  are  enclosed  or 
covered  by  a  scale  composed  in  part  of  the  moulted  skins 
(exuvise)  and  partly  of  an  excretion  of  the  insect;  this  scale 
does  not  adhere  to  any  part  of  the  insect's  body,  but  merely 
forms  a  covering  or  protection  for  the  latter. 

SUB-FAMILY  II.  (Lecaninae). — These  insects  are  usually  not 
enclosed  in  a  scale,  but  the  skin  hardens  as  the  insect  ap- 
proaches maturity.  In  the  earlier  part  of  their  lives  these 
insects  are  capable  of  crawling  about,  but  when  near  maturity 
they  generally  become  immovably  fixed  to  the  bark,  etc.? 
upon  which  they  rest. 


128  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

SUB-FAMILY  III.  (Coccinss). — These  insects  generally  retain 
the  power  of  locomotion  from  the  time  they  are  hatched  until 
they  die;  some  species,  however,  are  destitute  of  legs,  and  are 
enclosed  in  a  felt-like  sac. 


SUB-FAMILY  I.      (Diaspinas.) 

The  following  table  will  serve  as  a  guide  in  ascertaining  the 
genus  to  which  any  species  of  this  Sub-family  belongs: 
A. — Scale  of  female  circular,  with  the  exuviae  either  central  or 

near  the  margin. 

B. — Scale  of  male  but  little  elongated,  with  the  exuviae  more 
or  less  central;  scale  usually  resembling  that  of  the 
female  in  color  and  texture,  -  -  ASPIDIOTUS. 

BB. — Scale  of  male  elongated,  with  the  exuviae  at  one  ex- 
tremity. 

C.— Scale  of  male,  white  and  carinated,      -         DIASPIS. 

CC. — Scale   of  male   not   white,   and*  with    no   central 

carina,  PARLATORIA. 

AA. — Scale   of  female   elongated,   with    the    exuviae    at    one 

extremity. 
D. — Exuviae  small. 

E. — Scale  of  male,  white  and  carinated,      -      CHIONASPIS. 
EE. — Scale  of  male  similar  in  form  to  that  of  the  female, 

MYTILASPIS. 
DD. — Exuviae  large. 

F. — Scale  of  female  with  two  moulted  skins  visible. 

PARLATORIA. 

FF. — Scale  of  female  with  second  moulted  skin  covered 
by  a  secretion  UHLERIA. 

f- 

Genus  ASPIDIOTUS  (Bouche). 

This  genus  includes  species  in  which  the  scale  of  the  female 
is  circular,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  exuviae  at  or  near  the  center; 
the  scale  of  the  male  is  somewhat  elongated,  with  the  larval 
skin  either  at  one  side  of  the  center,  or  near  one  extremity; 
in  color  and  texture  it  resembles  the  scale  of  the  female.  The" 


CHAP.    XX. SCALE-INSECTS 


129 


last  segment  of  the  female  insect  usually  presents  four  groups 
of  spinnerets;  in  a  few  species  there  are  five  or  six  groups, 
and  in  some  they  are  wanting.  Examples — The  Red-scale 
(Fig.  159),  the  Lemon-peel  scale  (Fig.  293)  and  the  Red-scale 
of  Florida  (Fig.  311). 


Genus  DIASPSIS  (Costa). 

This  genus  includes  species  in  which  the  scale  of  the  female 
is  more  or  less  rounded,  with  the  exuvia?  at  the  center  or  upon 
the  sides  ;  the  scale  of  the  male  is  long,  white,  carinated,  and 


130 


NATURAL  ^HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


has  the  exuviae  at  one  extremity.      The  last  segment  of  the 
female  shows  five  groups  of  spinnerets. 

This  genus  closely  resembles  Aspidiotus  regarding  the  form 
of  the  scale  of  the  female,  but  is  easily  distinguished  from  that 
genus  by  the  scale  of  the  male,  which  is  white  and  carinated. 
Example— The  Rose-scale  (Fig.  312). 


Fig.  312. 


v    Genus   CHIONASPIS   (Signoret). 

This  genus  includes  species  in  which  the  scale  of  the  female 
is  long,  sometimes  much  widened,  and  in  which  the  exuviae 
are  small  and  at  one  extremity;  the  scale  of  the  male  is  long, 
generally  white,  more  or  less  carinated,  (except  in  C,  ortholobis); 
the  sides  are  parallel  and  the  larval  skin  is  at  the  anterior  end. 
The  last  segment  of  the  female  has  five  groups  of  spinnerets. 

This  genus  resembles  Diaspis  in  the  form  of  the  scale  of  the 


CHAP.    XX. SCALE-INSECTS. 


131 


male,  and  Mytilaspis  in  the  form  of  the  scale  of  the  female;  in 
most  species,  however,  the  scale  of  the  female  is  wider  than  in 
Mytilaspis.  Example — The  Scurfy  or  Harris'-scale  (Fig.  313). 

Fig.  313. 


Genus  MYTILASPIS  (Targioni — Tozzetti). 

This  genus  includes  species  in  which  the  scale  of  the  female 
is  long,  narrow,  more  or  less  curved,  and  where  the  exuviae 
are  at  the  anterior  extremity.  The  scale  of  the  male  resembles 
that  of  the  female  in  form,  but  it  can  be  readily  distinguished 
from  it  by  its  small  size,  and  by  its  bearing  but  one  larval 
skin.  In  all  the  species  of  Mytilaspis  which  I  have  studied, 
the  posterior  part  (about  one-fourth)  of  the  scale  of  the  male 
is  jointed  to  the  remainder  by  a  thinner  portion,  which  serves 


132 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


as  a  hinge,  allowing  the  posterior  part  to  be  lifted  when  the 
male  emerges.     Example — The  Citrus-  scale  (Fig.  314). 

Fig.  314. 


Genus  PARLATORIA   (Targiom — Tozzetti). 

The  scale  of  the  female  is  either  circular  or  elongated,  with 
the  exuvia?  large   and   at  the   anterior  end.     The  scale  of  the 
Fig.  315.  male  is  enlongated,  its  sides  nearly  parallel, 

and  the  exuviae  at  the  anterior  end;  there 

•  is  no  cariiia  on  the  middle  of  the  back — 
this  part  being  seldom  higher  than  the 
sides. 

The  margin  of  the  last  segment  of  the 
female  is  crenulated  and  fringed  witn  toothed  scale-like  plates; 
there  are  only  four  groups  of  spinnerets.  Example — Per- 
gande's  Orange-scale  (Fig.  315). 

Genus  UHLEEIA  (Comstock). 

This  genus  included  species  in  which,  upon  the  scale  of  the 
female,  only  one  larval  skin  is  visible  at  the  anterior  extremity; 


CHAP.    XX. SCALE-INSECTS. 


133 


Fig.  316 


the  second  skin  is  present,  but  it  is  entirely  cov- 
ered by  secretion.  This  skin  is  large,  covering  the 
insect  completely. 

The  scale  is  narrow  at  its  anterior  end;  it  then 
widens,  and  its  sides  are  parallel  thoughout  the 
greater  part  of  its  length.  The  three  anterior 
groups  of  spinnerets  are  united,  forming  a  continu- 
ous line.  The  scale  of  the  male  is  similar  to  that 
of  the  female,  but  smaller.  The  genus  is  small  and  unimpor- 
tant, and  was  formerly  known  as  Fiorinia.  Example — The 
Camellia-scale  (Fig.  316). 


Fig.  317. 


Fig.  318. 


134  NATURAL   HISTORY   OF   INSECTS. 

i.  •'  ' 

SUB-FAMILY  II.     (Lecaninae). 
Genus  CEROPLASTES. 

The  several  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  furnished 
with  a  thick  covering  of  waxy  material,  which  does  not,  how- 
ever, adhere  closely  to  the  insect.  This  covering  is  formed 
of  layers  secreted  by  the  spinnerets.  Some  of  the  species 
have  tuberosities  upon  the  back,  which  are  larger  or  smaller 
according  to  the  age  of  the  insect,  and  which  entirely  disappear 
at  full  growth,  when  it  becomes  smooth  and  globular.  The 
antenna?  are  six-jointed,  the  third  joint  being  the  longest.  In 
the  larva  state  the  fourth  and  fifth  appear  as  one.  The  legs, 
are  long;  the  claw  is  furnished  with  four  digitules,  of  which 
the  two  shortest  are  very  large  and  horned-shaped.  The  male 
of  this  genus  is  not  known.  Examples — The  Florida-scale 
(Fig.  317)  and  the  Barnacle-scale  (Fig.  31S). 

Genus  PULVINARIA  (Targioni). 

This  genus  is  not  well  defined.  It  was  established  for  those 
species  of  Lecaninae,  in  which  the  females,  after  fecundation, 
secrete  below  and  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  body,  a  mass  of 
cottony  material  which  forms  a  nidus  for  the  eggs.  Example 
—The  Cottony  Maple-scale  (Fig.  319). 

Fig.  319. 


Genus  LECANIUM. 

This  genus  includes  those  species  which  are  naked  and,  at 
first,  boat-shaped,  taking  on,  however,  after  impregnation,  very 
diverse  forms,  ranging  from  nearly  flat  to  globular.  Examples 
—The  Black-scale  (Fig.  294),  the  Filbert-scale  (Fig.  320),  and 
the  Soft  Orange-scale  (Fig.  321). 


CHAP.    XX. SCALE    INSECTS.  135 

SUB-FAMILY  III.     (Coccinse.} 
Genus  KERMES  (Targioni — Tozzetti). 

These  insects  have  the  body  perfectly  globular,  else  with  a 
slight  incision  for  insertion  on  the  twig  or  branch.  On  an 
external  examination  no  trace  of  antenna?,  legs,  or  even  of 

Fig.  320. 


Fig.  321. 


mouth-parts  are  to  be  observed,  the  insect  presenting  precisely 
the  appearance  of  a  gall.  Chiefly  found  on  oak-trees  (Fig. 
322). 

)(Genus  RHIZOCOCCUS  (Comstock). 

Antennae  of  larva  and  of  the  adult  female,  seven-jointed; 
ano-genital  ring  with  eight  hairs ;  tarsi  of  both  male  and 
female,  each  with  four  digitules;  margin  of  body,  of  young 
and  of  female  in  all  stages,  fringed  with  tubular  spinnerets, 


136 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


which  are  covered  with  a  waxy  excretion.  Adult  male  with 
a  single  ocellus  behind  each  eye,  and  a  pair  of  bristles  on  each 
side  of  the  penultimate  abdominal  segment,  each  pair  sup- 
porting a  long  white  filament,  excreted  by  numerous  pores  at 
the  base.  The  fully  developed  female  makes  a  dense  sac  of 

Fig.  322. 


waxy  matter,  within  which  the  eggs  are  laid,  and  the  shriveled 
body  of  the  insect  remains.  The  full-grown  male  larva  makes 
a  similar  sac,  within  which  it  undergoes  its  metamorphosis 
Example — the  Norfolk  Island  Pine-scale. 


Y  Genus  DACTYLOPIUS. 

The  antennse  of  the  female  are  six-jointed  in  the  larva  and 


CHAP.    XX. — SCALE-INSECTS.  137 

eight-jointed  in  the  adult ;  the  male  larva  has  seven-jointed 
antennae  ;  the  tarsi  are  furnished  with  four  digitules,  and  the 
anal  ring  with  six  hairs.  Examples — The  Mealy-bug  with 
long  threads  (Fig.  323),  and  the  Destructive  Meal-bug  (Fig. 
324). 

Fig.  323. 

Ik 

Fig.  324 


Genus  PSEUDOCOCCUS   (Westwood). 

This  genus  closely  resembles  Dactylopius,  nearly  all  char- 
acteristics being  identical.  In  the  adult  female,  however,  the 
antenna?  are  nine-jointed,  those  of  the  female  larva  six-jointed, 
and  the  antennae  of  the  male  larva  have  seven  joints.  The 
tarsi  are  not  provided  with  the  long  digitules,  except  in 
Pseudococcus  hederae. 

Genus  Coccus. 

The  species  of  this  genus  may  be  distinguished  from  Dacty- 
lopius  and  Pseudococcus  by  the  following  characters  : 

The  antennae  are  seven-jointed  in  the  adult  female,  six- 
jointed  in  the  female  larva,  and  five-jointed  in  the  male  larva. 
The  legs  are  very  slender  ;  the  anal  ring  are  destitute  of  hairs  ; 
the  eyes  are  smooth,  and  there  are  two  ocelli.  Example — The 
Cochineal  Insect. 
10 


138  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

Genus  ICERYA   (Signoret). 

Antennae  eleven-jointed  ;  body  covered  with  a  cottony  mat- 
ter of  several  shades  of  color,  and  with  a  secretion  of  still 
longer  filaments  ;  skin  with  rounded  spinnerets  and 
Fig.  32i>.  wj^n  long,  scatterqd  hairs;  antennae  of  nearly  same 
width  throughout  their  whole  length,  and  with  a 
long  pubescence  ;  the  digitules  of  the  claws  are 
elongated  and  buttoned,  those  of  the  tarsi  appear 
as  simple,  hairs  ;  genital  apparatus  terminating  in 
a  tube  internally,  with  a  reticulated  ring,  and  with- 
out hairs  at  its  extremity.  Antennae  of  the  larva 
six-jointed,  with  a  very  long  pubescence,  and  with 
four  hairs  upon  the  last  joint  much  longer  than 
the  others  ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  extremity  of  the 
abdomen  with  a  series  of  three  very  long,  frequently  interlaced 
bristles.  Example — The  Cottony  Cushion-scale  (Figs.  295 
and  325). 


CHAPTER    XXI. 

BENEFICIAL     INSECTS. 

The  greater  number  of  insects  feed  upon  the  various  parts 
of  plants  and  are  therefore  termed  ''injurious  ;"  others  feed 
upon  decaying  animal  or  vegetable  matter  and  are  called 
"scavengers;"  still  others  feed  upon  insects,  especially  upon 
those  which  are  injurious  to  plants,  and,  because  of  thus  aiding 
us  in  getting  rid  of  these  pests,  are  termed  "beneficial  insects." 
Some  of  this  latter  kind  seize  their  prey  with  their  jaws,  some- 
what in  the  manner  of  a  cat's  catching  a  mouse,  and  are  hence 
called  upredaceous."  To  this  class  belong  the  Tiger-beetles, 
which  may  frequently  be  seen  running  over  the  ground  during 
the  hottest  part  of  the  day.  The  one  most  often  met  with  is 
the  Common  Tiger-beetle  (Fig.  240),  which  is  of  a  dull  purplish 
color  above,  and  a  bright  brassy-green  color  underneath  ;  on 
each  wing-case  are  three  irregular  whitish  spots.  Another 
species  which  quite  closely  resembles  the  foregoing  is  the  Gen-" 


CHAP.    XXI. BENEFICIAL   INSECTS.  139 

erous  Tiger-beetle  (Fig.  241),  which  is  of  a  dull  purplish  color, 
marked  with  white,  as  in  the  figure.  The  Virginian  Tiger- 
beetle  (Fig.  242)  is  of  a  dull  brownish  color.  All  of  the  Tiger- 
beetles  have  filiform  antennae,  and  ''their  feet  are  five-jointed. 
The  larvae  of  the  Tiger-beetles  are  provided  with  six  legs,  and 
live  in  holes  in  the  earth.  They  feed  upon  Cut-worms  and 
similar  insects. 

The  Ground-beetles  also  prey  upon  Cut- worms  and  other 
insects,  and,  like  the  Tiger-beetles;  have  filiform  antennae  and 
five-jointed  feet;  but  unlike  them,  they  have  horizontal 
instead  of  vertical  heads.  The  Gold-spotted  Ground-beetle 
(Fig.  243)  is  of  a  brownish  color,  and  has  on  each  wing-case 
three  rows  of  sunken  gold-colored  spots. 

Another  group  of  predaceous  insects  are  the  Lady-birds, 
which  have  only  three  joints  in  their  feet.  These  insects  feed 
upon  plant-lice,  scale-insects,  small  caterpillars,  etc.;  the 
larvae  (Figs.  328,  a,  and  332,  a)  are  provided  with  six  legs,  and 
when  fully  grown  suspend  themselves  by  the  hind  part  of  the 
body;  the  skin  on  the  back  next  splits  open,  and  the  pupa 
(Fig.  328,  b)  by  alternately  elongating  and  shortening  its  body, 
works  the  old  skin  backward  until  it  covers  only  the  posterior 
part  of  the  pupa,  where  it  is  permitted  to  remain;  in  due 
time  the  skin  on  the  back  of  the  pupa  is  rent  and  the  perfect 
beetle  (Fig.  328,  c)  is  coming  forth. 


Fig.  329. 
Fig.  326.  Fig.  327  Fig.  328. 


One  of  their  largest  kind  is  the  fifteen-spotted  Lady-bird 
(Fig.  290);  it  varies  in  color  from  a  dirty  brown  to  cream; 
its  wing-cases  are  usually  marked  with  fifteen  black  dots,  but 
both  color  and  markings  are  changeable,  as  seen  in  the  figure 
(Fig.  290,  dj  «,/,  and  g).  The  wing-cases  of  the  Thirteen-spot- 
ted  Lady-bird  (Fig.  326)  are  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  and  are 


140  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

marked  with  thirteen  black  dots.  The  wing-cases  of  the  Ten- 
spotted  Lady-bird  (Fig.  327)  are  of  a  pinkish  color,  and  are 
marked  with  ten  black  dots.  The  Convergent  Lady-bird  (Fig. 
328,  c)  has  the  wing-cases  yellowish-brown  and  marked  with 
twelve  black  dots.  The  Nine-spotted  Lady-bird  (Fig.  329) 
has  the  wing-cases  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  marked  with 
nine  black  dots.  The  Icy  Lady-bird  (Fig.  330)  has  the  wing- 
cases  of  an  orange-yellow  color,  marked  with  from  four  to  six 
black  dots.  The  Trim  Lady-bird  (Fig.  239)  has  the  wing- 
cases  of  an  orange-yellow  or  orange-red  color;  they  are  un- 
marked. The  California  Lady-bird  (Fig.  289)  differs  from  the 
Trim  Lady-bird  by  having  a  white  spot  on  each  of  the  front 
corners  of  the  thorax — the  Trim  Lady-bird  having  the  thorax 
margined,  in  front  and  at  the  sides,  with  yellow.  The  Twice- 
stabbed  Lady-bird  (Fig.  331)  is  entirely  black,  with  the  exep- 
tion  of  a  deep  red  spot  on  each  wing-case.  The  Painted  Lady- 
bird (Fig.  332,  c)  is  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  with  a  black  stripe 
on  each  wing-case,  the  two  stripes  being  connected  by  two 
black  bands. 

Fig.  382. 

Fig.  331. 
Fig.   330. 


'  The  Mantis  (Fig.  142)  also  feeds  upon  other  insects;  the 
female  deposits  her  eggs  in  large  masses  (Fig.  308),  and  the 
young  closely  resemble  the  parents,  with  the  exception  of 
their  being  destitute  of  wings;  they  are  not  quiescent  in  the 
pupa  state,  but  continue  active  throughout  their  life. 

The  Soldier-bugs  (Figs.  114  and  154)  feed  upon  caterpillars 
and  other  insects  by  impaling  them  upon  their  beaks  and 
then  leisurely  extracting  their  juices.  These  bugs  do  not  pass 
through  a  quiet  pupa  state,  but  continue  active  from  the  time 
they  issue  from  the  eggs  until  they  die.  They  do  not  confine 
their  attacks  to  insects,  but  occasionally  feed  also  upon  the 
juices  of  plants. 


CHAP.    XXI. BENEFICIAL    INSECTS.  141 

The  larvae  of  the  Lace-winged  Flies  (Fig.  47)  feed  upon  plant- 
lice  and  similar  insects.  After  reaching  their  full  growth  each 
one  spins,  in  some  sheltered  place,  a  globular  cocoon,  and 
is  soon  after  changing  to  a  pupa;  in  due  time  the  pupa  comes 
out  of  the  cocoon  and  fastens  itself  to  some  neighboring 
object,  when  the  skin  on  its  back  next  splits  open  and  the  per- 
fect fly  (Fig.  21)  makes  its  escape.  The  female  fly  deposits 
her  eggs  upon  the  tips  of  slender,  thread-like  stems  (Fig.  21).. 

The  larva  of  the  Syrphus-fly  (Fig.  231,  a)  also  feeds  upon 
Plant-lice  and  similar  insects.  It  is  entirely  destitute  of  legs, 
and  after  reaching,  its  full  growth  attaches  itself  to  the  stem  of 
a  plant,  or  some  other  object,  and  soon  contracts  to  a  pupa 
(Fig.  231,  6),  from  which  the  perfect  fly  (Fig.  231,  c),  in  due 
time,  makes  its  escape.  When  changing  to  a  pupa  the  narrow 
tapering  end  of  the  larva  becomes  the  thickened  end  of  the 
pupa. 

Many  kinds  of  Wasps,  such  as  the  Russet-red  Wasp  (Fig.  183, 
a),  provision  their  nests  with  caterpillars,  flies,  or  other  insects 5 
to  serve  as  food  for  their  young.  Some  kinds  build  nests  of 
mud  (Fig.  181);  others  of  a  papery  substance  (Fig.  183,  6); 
still  others  build  their  nests  in  holes  in  the  ground,  in  decayed 
wood,  or  in  the  stems  of  plants.  The  larvae  or  young  of  these 
Wasps  are  entirely  destitute  of  legs. 

There  is  a  group  of  insects  which,  in  the  larva  state,  live 
within  the  eggs,  or  within  the  larvae  or  pupae  of  other  insects? 
ultimately  destroying  the  latter;  such  are  commonly  called 
"parasitic"  insects.  The  Ichneumon-flies  (Figs.  39,  40,  131, 
and  134)  belong  to  this  class.  The  female  deposits  her  eggs 
in  the  larvae  or  pupae  of  other  insects  in  which  her  progeny 
are  to  live;  from  these  eggs  are  hatched  small  footless  grubs, 
which  feed  upon  the  internal  parts  of  the  larva  or  pupa  in 
which  the  eggs,  from  which  they  were  produced,  had  been 
deposited  by  the  provident  mother.  After  reaching  their  full 
growth  some  kinds  assume  the  pupa  form  within  the  larva  or 
pupa  in  which  they  live,  and  the  flies,  when  issuing  from  the 
pupa,  gnaw  holes  through  the  skin  of  the  larva  or  pupa,  and 
thus  make  their  escape.  The  larvae  of  several  kinds,  however, 


142 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


first  gnaw  their  way  out  of  the  larva  or  pupa  in  which  they 
live,  and  then  each  one  spins  a  cocoon  around  its  body;  some- 
times they  spin  a  mass  of  flossy  silk,  and  then  crawl  into  this 
and  there  spin  their  cocoons.  Occasionally  only  one  parasitic 
larva  lives  in  a  larva  or  pupa,  but  sometimes  several  dozen 


Fig.  333. 


inhabit  one  and  the  same  pupa  or  larva.  When  the  egg  was 
deposited  in  the  body  of  a  larva,  the  larva  sometimes  passes  to 
the  pupa  stage  before  the  parasitic  Ichneumon-fly  issues. 


Fig.  334. 


The  Chalcis-flies  form  another  group  of  insects  which  live 
parasitical  in  the  egg,  the  Iarva3,  or  the  pupae  of  other  insects; 
they  are  very  small,  and  their  wings  are  provided  with  but  few 
veins  (Figs.  333  and  334).  They  live  principally  in  the  eggs 
of  other  insects,  and  many  kinds  infest  various  kinds  of  Scale- 
insects  and  Plant-lice. 

Another  class  of  parasitic  insects  are  the  Tachina-flies  (Fig. 
230).  These  flies  attach  their  white  eggs  to  the  bodies  of  cater- 
pillars, etc.,  and  the  larvae  which  hatch  from  these  eggs  gnaw 


CHAP.  XXII. HOW  TO  COLLECT  AND  PRESERVE  INSECTS.     143 

their  way  into  the  body  of  their  victim ;  here  they  remain 
until  reaching  their  full  growth,  when  they  gnaw  their  way 
out  and  drop  to  the  ground,  which  they  enter  and  form 
smooth  cells;  they  do  not  cast  their  skins  before  changing  to 
pupae,  but  their  skins  contract  and  harden,  thus  supplying  the 
place  of  a  cocoon.  At  the  proper  time  the  perfect  fly  (Fig.  236) 
issues,  and  makes  its  way  to  the  £urface  of  the  earth.  This 
fly  very  closely  resembles  the  common  House-fly,  but  may  at 
once  be  distinguished  by  this,  that  the  slender  bristle  on  the 
last  joint  of  the  antenna  is  naked,  whereas  in  the  House-fly 
this  bristle  is  pectinate,  like  a  feather. 


CHAPTER    XXII. 

HOW   TO    COLLECT    AND    PRESERVE    INSECTS. 

A  cabinet  of  some  kind  is  almost  indispensable  to  the 
student  of  Entomology;  in  it  he  should  place  as  many  different 
species  of  insects  as  he  is  able  gradually  to  obtain,  both  by 
collecting  and  by  exchanging  duplicate  specimens  with  friends. 

One  of  the  chief  requisites  for  successful  collecting  is  a  net. 
The  accompanying  figure  (Fig.  335)  illustrates  the  frame  work 
of  a  very  convenient  net,  such  as  used  by  Professor  Riley,  and 
its  construction  is  thus  described  by  him:  "Take  two  pieces 
of  stout  brass  wire,  each  about  twenty  inches  long;  bend  them 
half  circularly  and  join  at  one  end  by  a  folding  hinge  having  a 
check  (  b  )  on  one  side.  The  other  ends  are  bent  and  beaten 
into  two  square  sockets  (/)  which  fit  to  a  nut  sunk  and 
soldered  into  one  end  of  a  brass  tube  (  d  ).  When  so  fitted 
they  are  secured  by  a  large-headed  screw  (e)  threaded  to  fit 
into  the  nut-socket,  and  with  a  groove  wide  enough  to  receive 
the  back  of  a  common  knife  blade.  The  wire  hoop  is  easily 
detached  and  folded,  as  at  c,  for  convenient  carriage  ;  and  the 
handle  may  be  made  of  any  desired  length  by  cutting  a  stick 
and  fitting  it  into  the  hollow  tube  (a),  which  should  be  about 
six  inches  long." 


144 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


A  bag  of  fine  gauze  or  mosquito  netting  (the  finer  and 
stronger  the  better)  should  be  sewed  to  a  piece  of  cloth  fastened 
around  the  wire  frame. 

Fig.  335. 


Fig.  336. 


Another  similar  but  less  convenient  frame  (Fig.  336)  is  thus 
described  by  Professor  Sanborn:  "  Make  a  loop  of  strong 
iron  or  brass  wire,  of  about  three  sixteenths  of  an  inch  in 
thickness,  so  that  the  diameter  of  the  loop  or 
circle  will  not  exceed  twelve  inches,  leaving  an 
inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  of  wire  at  each  end 
bent  at  nearly  right  angles.  Bind  the  two  ex- 
tremities to-gether  with  smaller  wire  (a),  and  tin 
them  by  applying  a  drop  of  muriate  of  zinc,  then 
hold  this  part  in  the  fire  or  over  a  gas  flame  until 
nearly  red  hot,  when  a  few  grains  of  block  tin  or 
soft  solder  placed  upon  these  extremities  will  flow 
evenly  over  their  whole  surface  and  join  them 
firmly  together.  Take  a  Maynard  rifle  cartridge  tube,  or  any 
other  brass  tube  of  similar  dimensions  (I );  if  the  former,  file 
yff  the  closed  end,  or  perforate  it  for  the  admission  of  the  wire, 
and,  having  tinned  it  in  the  same  manner  on  the  inside,  push  a 


CHAP.  XXII. HOW  TO  COLLECT  AND   PRESERVE  INSECTS       145 


tight  fitting  cork  half  way  through  (c)  and  pour  into  it  incited 
tin  or  soft  solder  and  insert  the  wires;  if  carefully  done  you 
will  have  a  firmly  constructed  and  very  (Jurable  foundation 
for  a  collecting  net.  The  cork  (/O  being  extracted,  will  leave 
a  convenient  socket  for  inserting  a  stick  or  walking  cane  to 
serve  as  a  handle." 

By  attaching  a  gauze  bag  to  this  frame  a  very  handy  net  will 
be  obtained. 


For  the  capture  of  the  night-flying  moths,  Fig 
many  collectors  pactice  what  is  commonly 
known  as  "sugaring."  This  consists  of  ap- 
plying to  the  trunks  of  trees,  or  to  strips  of 
cleoh  attached  to  the  tree,  some  sweet,  attract- 
ive but  stupefying  preparation,  such  as  diluted 
molasses,  or  brown  sugar,  with  rum.  This  is 
spread  upon  the  tree,  etc.,  in  the  evening,  and 
by  examining  these  places  with  a  lantern  at 
intervals  throughout  the  night,  many  moths 
which  could  not  otherwise  be  obtained,  may 
be  collected. 

Having  captured  an  insect  intended  for  the 
cabinet,  the  next  step  is  to  kill  it  in  such  a 
manner  as  not  to  injure  its  form  or  clothing. 
For  the  killing  of  most  insects  the  cyanide 
bottle  (Fig.  337)  will  be  all  that  is  needed. 
This  is  prepared  by  putting  into  a  large-mouth- 
ed bottle  some  cyanide  of  potassium  (pulver- 
ized) in  quantity  equal,  perhaps,  to  a  small 
marble,  which  will  depend,  however,  upon  the 
size  of  the  bottle;  pour  into  the  bottle  just 
enough  water  to  dissolve  the  cyanide,  and 
when  this  is  dissolved  drop  plaster  of  Paris  into  the  solution 
until  all  of  the  latter  is  absorbed;  now  place  the  bottle  in  the 
hot  sun,  or  subject  it  to  artificial  heat,  until  thoroughly  dry 
inside,  after  which  wipe  out  the  inside  with  a  dry  rag  or  piece  of 
paper;  now  cork  the  bottle  tightly,  and  in  a  day  or  two  it 
will  be  ready  for  use.  When  an  insect  is  thrown  into  a  bottle 


146 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 


Pig.    338. 


prepared  in  this  way,  and  the  bottle  corked  up  tightly,  the 
fumes  of  the  cyanide  will  destroy  the  insect's  life  in  a  very 
short  time,  (ireat  care  should  be  exercised  in  using  the  cya- 
nide, as  it  is  a  deadly  poison  when  taken  internally,  although 
no  serious  effect  has  ever  been  known  to  follow  the  inhaling 
from  the  cyanide  bottle  prepared  as  directed  above,  notwith- 
standing its  fatal  effects  upon  insect  life. 

Those  insects  which  are  too  large  to  be  placed  into  the 
cyanide  bottle  may  be  killed  by  the  use  of  chloroform.  For 
this  purpose  a  small  and  stout  bottle,  with  a 
brush  inserted  in  the  cork  (Fig.  338),  will  be 
found  very  serviceable.  By  moistening  the 
abdomen  of  the  insect  with  this  liquid  its  life 
will  soon  be  destroyed. 

Regarding  the  killing  of  very  small  and 
delicate  insects,  these  should  be  caught  in 
wooden  boxes,  where,  when  applying  the 
chloroform  to  the  outside  of  the  box,  they 
will  speedily  become  stupefied. 

Butterflies,  moths,  and  similar  insects 
should  not  be  carried  in  the  cyanide  bottle 
after  they  are  dead,  since,  by  rolling  around 
in  the  bottle,  they  become  more  or  less  de- 
ll =nuded  of  their  scales,  or  otherwise  disfigured; 
soon  as  dead  they  should  be  taken  out  of 
the  hottle  and  pinned  into  a  cork-lined  box  made  for  this 
purpose. 

In  pinning  beetles,  the' pin  should   be   thrust   through   the 
Tight  wing-case  (Fig.  339,  a)   so  as  to  come  out  between  the 


insertion  of  the  middle  and  the 
hind  pair  of  leg;  bugs  should  be 
pinned  through  the  scutellum  (Fig. 
339, 5)  jail  other  insects  should  be 
pinned  through  the  thorax. 

In  pinning  insects  for  the  cabi- 
net, entomological  pins,  made    ex- 


Fig.  339. 


CHAP.  XXII. HOW  TO  COLLECT  AND  PRESERVE  INSECTS.       147 

pressly  for  this  purpose,  should  be  used;  these  are  made  of 
different  sizes  ranging  from  1  to  10,  the  lowest  numbers  being 
the  finest.  The  No.  2  pins  will  ordinarily  answer  most  pur- 
poses. About  one  third  of  the  length  of  the  pin  should  be 
allowed  to  project  above  the  insect's  back. 

Small  insects,  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length  and  under, 
should  be  gummed  to  pieces  of  card-board  or  to  thin  plates  of 
mica,  through  which  the  pin  is  afterwards  thrust.  These 
pieces  are  sometimes  cut  square,  but  the  better  way  is  to  cut 
one  edge  into  small,  wedge-shape  teeth,  as  in  Fig.  340. 


Fig.  341. 


Fig.  340. 


For  gumming  insects  upon  card-board,  etc.,  Spaulding's 
liquid  glue  may  be  used;  or  in  its  stead  the  following  prepara- 
tion is  even  to  be  preferred: 

Pulverized  gum  tragacanth,  three  drams;  pulverized  gum 
arabic,  one  dram;  corrosive  sublimate,  one  grain;  mix  and  add 
&  little  water. 

In  order  to  spread  out  the  wings  of  butterflies,  etc.,  a  setting- 
board,  of  some  sort  should  be  used;  one  that  is  simple  in  its 
•construction  and  answers  every  purpose  is  shown  in  Fig. 
314.  It  is  made  of  two  pieces  of  soft  pine  boards  (the  softer 
the  better)  about  half  an  inch  thick,  one  and  a  half  inches 
wide,  and  of  any  convenient  length;  these  should  be  fastened 
to  upright  blocks  about  one  and  one  half  inches  high  at  each 
«nd,  and  tapering  to  one  and  one  sixth  inches  high  at  the 
middle.  In  fastening  the  two  upper  pieces  to  these,  leave  a 
space  between  the  upper  pieces  wide  enough  to  admit  the 


148  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    INSECTS. 

insect's  body;  a  strip  of  cork  or  pith  is  then  glued  over  this 
space  on  the  under  side,  and  the  setting-board  is  completed. 

For  the  stretching-out  of  the  wings,  and  for  many  other 
purposes,  a  needle  stuck  into  a  wooden  handle  (Fig.  342)  will 
be  found  useful.  It  is  made  by  splitting  off  a  piece  of  pine 
wood  three  or  four  inches  long,  and  forcing  into  one  end  of  it 
the  eye-end  of  a  common  sewing  needle;  next,  whittling  down 
the  handle  to  a  convenient  size  and  shape  (Fig.  342),  the 
instrument  is  completed. 


Fig.  342. 


In  order  to  retain  the  wings  of  the  insects  on  the  setting- 
board  in  their  proper  position  strips  of  card-board  should  be 
pinned  over  them  (Fig.  341),  using  common,  short,  sharp- 
pointed  pins  foi  this  purpose. 

The  setting-board  may  then  be  suspended  upon  the  wall,  or 
it  may  be  placed  in  a  box  covered  with  fine  wire  gauze  or 
strainer  cloth,  which  will  admit  plenty  of  air,  while  at  the 
same  time  preventing  small  insects  from  gaining  access  to  the 
specimens.  The  latter  should  remain  upon  the  setting-board 
for  at  least  a  month,  when  they  are  ready  for  the  cabinet. 

Cases  in  which  to  exhibit  insects  may  be  made  in  the  form 
of  a  shallow  box  having  -a  tightly  fitting  lid,  in  the  back  of 
which  is  fastened  a  pane  of  clear  glass;  they  may  be  of  any 
convenient  size,  and  about  two  and  half  inches  deep,  inside 
measurement.  The  bottom  should  be  lined  with  thin  strips 
of  cork  or  dry  pith,  into  which  to  thrust  the  pins;  if  pith  is 
used  it  should  first  be  boiled,  to  extract  the  saccharine  matter. 

If  the  collection  is  to  be  a  very  extensive  one,  the  cases  to 
contain  it  may  be  constructed  in  the  form  of  two  shallow 
boxes  facing  each  other,  and  fastened  together,  on  one  side 
with  hinges,  and  on  the  other  with  hooks  and  staples;  they 
will  then  open  and  shut  like  a  book,  and  when  not  in  use  may 
be  packed  away  in  any  convenient  place.  The  boxes  should 
be  made  of  thoroughly  seasoned  white  wood,  walnut,  or  cherry, 
Care  should  be  taken  to  have  the  cases  or  boxes  perfectly 


CHAP.    XXII. HOW  TO  COLLECT  AND  PRESERVE  INSECTS.       149 


I 


tight,  so  as  to  prevent  small  insects,  mites,  etc.,  from  gaining 
access  to  and  spoiling  the  collection.  The  cork  or  pith  in  the 
bottom  of  the  boxes  should  be  covered  with  white  paper, 
which,  if  lightly  cross-ruled,  will  greatly  facilitate  the  regular 
pinning  of  the  specimens. 

For  relaxing  dried  insects,  place  them  for  twelve  or  twenty- 
four  hours  in  a  tin  box  containing  a  quantity  of  moistened 
sand  over  which  first  a  single  layer  of  paper  is  spread  ;  their 
wings,  etc.,  can  then  be  easily  spread  out. 

Caterpillars,  grubs,  pupae,  and  similar  objects  may  be  pre- 
served in  alcohol.  They  should  first  be  thrown  into  alcohol 
diluted  with  water,  and  afterwards  be  removed  to  vessels  con- 
taining alcohol  of  full  strength. 

Nothing  is  more  annoying  to  the  experienced,  or  more  dis- 
couraging to  the  young  collector,  than  to  have  his  specimens 
destroyed  by  mites,  or  by  the  Iarva3  of  certain  beetles;  against 
the  ravages  of  these  pests  there  is  no  security.  Paste  and 
paper  fail  to  exclude  them;  camphor  is  only  a  partial  pro- 
tector; and  the  only  safeguard  is  constant  vigilance,  and  the 
instant  destruction  of  the  offenders  when  observed. 

For  this  purpose  many  methods  have  been  suggested,  such 
as  saturation  with  turpentine,  immersion  in  alcohol  or  ben- 
zine, exposure  in  an  oven  to  a  heat  of  210°,  etc.,  but  most  of 
these  means  are  liable  to  injure  or  even  destroy  the  specimens. 

A  very  good  method,  however,  is  to  place  a  galipot  or  small 
saucer,  containing  about  twenty-five  grains  of  cyanide  of 
potassium,  roughly  bruised,  with  a  very  little  water,  in  the 
bottom  of  the  cabinet;  drop  about  six  drops  of  sulphuric 
acid  upon  the  potassium  and  close  up  the  cabinet.  The  gas 
thus  generated  will  destroy  the  life  of  any  larva,  or  other 
insect  or  animn.1,  that  may  be  in  the  cabinet  at  the  time,  as  no 
animate  being  can  inhale  this  gas  and  live.  Great  care  should, 
therefore,  be  taken  to  prevent  the  inhalation  of  this  gas  by 
the  person  employing  it. 


150 


ANGULAR-WINGED    KATYDID. 


GLOSSARY 


Abbreviated. — Shortened. 

Abortive. — Imperfectly  developed. 

Abdo'men. — The  posterior  devision  of  the  body. 

Abnormal. — Unnatural;    exceptional. 

Aculeate.— Prickly. 

'AciVminate. — Ending  in  a  prolonged  point. 

Adeph'agous. — Ravenous;  predaceous. 

Adult7. — Full-grown. 

Agamic. — Bringing  forth  living  young,  or  depositing  fertile  eggs 
without  the  intervention  of  the  male. 

Alime'nt'ary  canal. — The  duct  by  which  food  is  conveyed 
through  the  body. 

Alula. — A  small  appendage  to  the  hind  edge  of  the  base  of  the 
wing  in  the  Two-winged  Flies. 

A'nal. — Pertaining  to  the  opening  at  the  lower  end  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal. 

An'gulated. — Formed  with  corners. 

AnaFogous. — Closely  similar. 

An'nulated. — Funiishedwith  colored  wings. 

Anom'alous. — Irregular. 

Anten'nse. — The  two  horn-like  appendages  to  the  head  (Figs* 
89  and  103). 

Ante'rior. — In  front. 

A'pex. — ^The  terminal  point;  the  tip. 

Ap'ical. — At,  or  belong  to,  a  tip. 

Ap'odous. — Destitute  of  feet. 

Append'age. — Something  added  to  without  being  essentially 
necessary. 

Approximate. — Near,  or  near  together. 

Ap'terous. — Destitute  of  wings. 


152  GLOSSARY. 

Aquatic.  —  Inhabiting  water. 

Ans'ta.—  A  style,  or  bristle. 

Aris'tate.  —  Furnished  with  a  bristle. 

Artic'ulate.  —  Divided  into  joints. 

Asex'ual.  —  Same  as  Agmatic. 

Attenuated.  —  Tapering. 

Aure'lia.  —  Ancient  name  for  pupa. 

Bal'ancers.  —  Rudimentary  filaments  representing  the  (lacking) 

posterior  pair  of  wings  in  the  Diptera. 
Base.—  The  part  opposite  the  apex. 
Bi.  —  Two  or  twice  (used  only  in  compound  words.) 
Bffid.—  Cleft. 
Bifur'cate  .—Two-forked  . 

Bilo  bate.  —  or  Bl'lobed.     Divided  into  two  lobes. 
Bipec'tinate.  —  Having  two  edges  toothed  like  a  comb. 
Bristled  anten'na.  —  Fig.  343. 

Fig,  343. 


Capitate.  —  Ending  in  a  head  or  knob  (Figs.  95  and  96). 

Cari'na.  —  A  ridge. 

Cau'da.  —  A  tail. 

Cell.  —  A  term  applied  to  the  inclosures  made  by  tho  veins  and 
cross-  veins  in  the  wings  (Fig.  125).  As  these  cells  differ 
in  number  and  form  in  the  different  insects,  they  have 
received  different  names.  In  many  kinds  of  Two-winged 
Flies  (such  as  the  Syrphus-fly,  Fig.  231,  c),  the  cell  next 
the  fore  edge  of  the  wing  is  the  costal  cell:  the  three  back 
of  this,  nearest  the  body,  are  the  first,  second,  and  third 
basal  cells,  and  the  cell  next  to  the  hind  edge  of  the  wing 
is  the  anal  cell;  toward  the  outer  edge  of  the  wing,  from 
the  first  basal  cell,  is  the  first  posterior  cell,  while  the 
three  cells  back  of  this,  along  the  margin  of  the  wing,  are 
the  second,  "third,  and  fourth  posterior  cells;  the  closed 
cell  between  the  second  basal  and  the  third  posterior 
cell  is  the  discal  cell  (this  may  be  easily  be  known  by  it 


GLOSSARY.  153 

position,  always  being  at  the  lower  end  of  the  small  cross- 
vein  between  the  first  basal  and  the  first  posterior  cells); 
the  two  cells  between  the  costal  and  first  posterior  cells 
are  the  marginal  and  sub-marginal  cells. 

Ghrys'alids. — Plural' of  chrysalid  (another  term  for  Chrysalis). 

Chrys'alis. — The  third  stage  of  insect  life  (Fig.  344);  same  as 
pupa. 

Cillate. — Fringed.     (Ciliate  antennae.  Fig.  354.) 

Fig.  344.  Fig.  345. 


Cine'reous . — A  sh-colored . 

Cla'vate. — Enlarged  toward  the  tip  like  a  club  (Fig.  92). 

Clyp'eus. — The   division   of  the   face  immediately  above  the 
upper  lip. 

Coarc'tate — Enclosed  in  the  old  larva  skin;  compact. 

Coco"bnx. — A  silken  case  spun  by  the  caterpillar  (Fig.  346). 

Complete  Transformation. — When  the  pupa  is  incapable  of 
crawling  about  and  of  taking  food. 

Compound  Eyes. — Placed  on  each  side  of  the  head,  and  com- 
posed of  numerous  facets  or  simple  eyes  set  close  together. 

Compressed'. — Flattened  on  the  sides. 

Colon. — The  farther  part  of  the  alimentary  canal. 

Concororous. — Of  the  same  color  as  another  part. 

Con'fluent, — Running  into  each  other. 

Con'nate. — United. 

Conspicuous. — Obvious  to  the  eye. 

Contiguous. — Touching  each  other. 

Cor'date. — Heart-shaped. 

Coria'ceous. — Hard  but  flexible. 

Cor'neous. — Like  horn.  N 

Cor'rugated. — Wrinkled. 
11 


154 


GLOSSARY. 


.— Front  edge'of.the  wing  (Fig.  Fig.  346. 

121,  a). 
Cox'a. — A    small  piece  between  the 

thigh    and    body    (Figs.    89    and 

103.) 

Cre'nate. — Scolloped,  the  teeth  rounded. 
Crenelated — Having  the  edge  notched. 
Cu'preous. — Coppery. 
Cylindrical. — Round  and  long,  and  of 

the  same  thickness  throughout. 
Decum'beiit. — Bending  down. 
Deflect'ed. — Bent  down. 
Den'tate.— Toothed. 
Den'tiform. — Having  the  form  of  teeth. 
Depressed'. — Flattened  from  above. 
Diffuse'. — Spread  widely. 
Dig'itate. — Divided  like  the  fingers. 
Digit'uli. — The  stout  hairs,  sometimes 

knobbed  at  the  tip,  which  occur 

upon  the  feet  of  many  kinds  of 

Plant-lice  and  Scale-insects. 
Dilat'ed. — Widened. 
Disc'al. — Relating  to  the  disk. 
Dlsc'al  cell.— A    cell    situated  at   the 

base  of  the  wing  in  the  Butter- 
flies and  Moths,  but  which  in  the 

Two-winged   Flies   is    nearest   to 

the  outer  margin.     (See  Cell.') 
Disk. — The  upper  central  part  of  any  given  surface. 
Discoid'al. — Relating  to  the  disk. 

Diur'rial. — Applied  to  insects  that  are  active  during  the  day. 
Divar'icate. — Spreading  apart. 
Dor 'sal. — Relating  to  the  back. 
Ellip'tical.— Elongate-oval. 

Elyt'ra. — The  hard  wing-cases  or  fore-wings  of  Beetles. 
Emar'ginate. — Notched. 
Entomol'ogy. — The  natural  history  and  habits  of  insects. 


•  I.OSSARY. 


Epipleu'ra. — The   outer   upturned   edge   of  the   wing-cases  of 

Beetles. 

Epls'toma. — The  clypeus. 
Ex'crement. — Eatter  -discharged    from    an   animal  body  after 

digestion. 

Exserf'ed. — Protruded. 
Exu'via?. — The  cast-off  skin. 
Fal'cate. — Sickle-shaped. 
Fas'cia. — A  stripe  broader  than  a  line. 
Fau'ria. — The  animals  of  any  given  locality. 
Fecundation. — The  act  of  making  fruitful  or  prolific. 
Fe'mur.— The  thigh  (Figs.  89  and  103). 
Ferrugln'eous . — Rust-colored . 
Filiform.— Thread-like  (Figs.  91  and  94.  a). 
Filament. — A  thread-like  appendage. 

First  joint. — The  joint    farthest  from  the  tip;  the  basal  joint. 
FlabeTlate  antennae. — One   that   has  the   form  of  a  fan  (Fig. 

347). 


Fig.  347. 


Fig.  348, 


Flaves'cent. — Yellowish. 

Flex'uous. — Waving;  zigzag. 

Fo'vea. — A  pit  or  rounded  depression. 

Fre'nulum. — A  bristle  on  the  front  edge  of  the  hind  wing, 
which  fits  into  a  hook  beneath  the  front  wing,  uniting 
the  wings, during  flight.  (See  Fig.  122,  jr.). 

Fulig'inous. — Smoky. 

FuFvous. — Tawny,  reddish,  yellow 

Ftir'cate.— Forked. 

Fus'cous. — Dark  brown. 


156  GLOSSARY. 

Fu'siform. — Spindle-shape;  tapering  toward  both  ends   (Fig. 

93). 

Gan'glion. — A  swelling  in  the  nervous  cord. 
•Geminate. — In  pairs. 
Genic'ulate.— Elbowed  (Fig.  348). 

Ge'nus. — A  class  or  group,  each   member   of  which  possesses 
certain  characters  not  found  in  those  iiidividuals,  which 
belong  to  a  different  class  or  group. 
Gla'brous.- — Smooth. 
Glau'cous. — Bluish-green. 

Glob'ular. — Having  the  form  of  a  ball  or  sphere. 
Gran'ulated. — Covered  with  small  rounded  elevations. 
Grega/rious. — Living  in  flocks  or  communities. 
Halt'eres. — Small  thread-like  organs    which    terminate   in   a 

knob,  taking  the  place  of  the  hind-  pair  of  wings  in  the 

Two-winged  Flies;  balancers. 

Haus'tellate. — Furnished  with  a  beak,  probosis,  or  sucker. 
Hemelyt'ra. — The  front  wings  of  the  True  Bugs. 
Hermaphrodite. — An  individual  in  which  both  the  male  and 

the  female  organs  occur. 
Heterom'erous. — Applied   to   the    Coleopterous    insects  which 

have  five  joints  in  the   front  and  middle  feet,  and  only 
four  joints  in  the  hind  ones. 

Fig.    349. 


Hex'apod. — Six-footed. 

Hirsute. — Clothed  witli  stiff  hairs. 

Hu'merus. — Anterior  outer  angle  of  the  wing-cases  of  Beetles. 

Hy'aline. — Transparent,  like  glass. 

Hypersto'ma. — The  clypeus  in  the  Two-winged  Flies. 


GLOSSARY.  157 

Hypos'tema. — Same  as  Hyperstoma. 

Ima'go.—  The  adult  or  perfect  state  (Fig.  34,9). 

Imbricated. — Overlapping,  like  the  shingles  on  a  roof.   ' .  - 

Immac'ulate. — Spotless. 

Immar'ginate. — Without  an  elevated  margin. 

Incomplete7  transformation. — When   the  pupa   is    capable   of 

crawling  about  and  of  taking  food. 
Incras'sated. — Thickened. 
Incum'bent. — Lying  upon. 

Infus'cated. — Darkened;  with  a  blackish  tinge. 
Joint. — A  node  or  part  between  two  joints;  in  this  sense,  that 
part  of  the  arm  which  is  between  the  joints  of  the  elbow 
and  wrist  would  be  called  a  joint. 
La'bial   pal'pi. — Small  jointed    appendages    of  the   lower   lip 

(Fig.  103). 

La/bium. — The  lower  lip. 
La'brum. — The  upper  lip. 
LameTliform. — Leaf-like. 
Lamellate.— With  flattened  plates  (Fig.  100). 
Lamina. — A  plate  or  sheet-like  piece. 
Lar'va. — The  second  stage  of  insect  life,  or  that  immediately 

following  the  egg  (Fig.  350;  such  as  grubs,  caterpillars, 

maggots,  etc. 

Fig.  350. 

Fig.  351. 


1 1 1  1 1  L.I  I  I  I  I  hid 

Lateral. — On  one  side. 

Lig'ament. — A  fibrous  band  or  tie. 

Line. — one    twelfth    of    an  inch    (Fig.    351);  a  very  narrow 

stripe. 

Lin'ear. — Long  and  narrow  and  of  equal  width. 
Lln'gula. — Little  tongue. 
Lu'minous. — Emitting  light;  shining. 
Lu'nate. — Half-moon  shaped. 

LiVnule. — A  mark  or  spot  in  the  form  of  a  new  moon. 
LiVteous. — Deep  yellow. 


158  GLOSSARY. 

Mac'ulated. — Spotted. 

Man'dibles. — The  ripper  jaws,  placed   between  the  upper  lip 

and  the  lower  jaws  (Fig.  103). 
Mandib'ulate. — Provided  with  jaws. 
Marginal. — Placed  upon  the  edge  of  anything. 
Maxillae. — The  lower  jaws,  placed  between  the  upper  jaws  and 

the  lower  lip  (Fig.  103). 

Me'dian. — Relating  to  the  middle  of  anything. 
Membraneous. — Thin;  parchment-like. 
Men'tum.— The  chin  (Fig.  103). 
Mesotho'rax. — That  division  of  the  thorax  to  which  the  middle 

pair  of  legs  are  attached  (Fig.  89). 
Metamorphoses. — Same  as  Transformations. 
Metathor'ax. — That  division  of  the   thorax  to  which  the  hind 

pair  of  legs  are  attached  (Fig.  89). 
Moniriform. — Like  a  string  of  beads. 
Mu'cronate. — Ending  in  a  sharp  point. 
Nerv'ures. — The  horny   tubes   which   expand   the  wings  of  the 

insects. 

Ni'dus. — A  nest. 

Noctur'nal. — Applied  to  insects  that  are  active  by  night. 
Node. — A  joint,  or  part  between  two  joints. 
Nor'mal. — Natural;  usual. 
Nymph. — Ancient  name  for  pupa. 
Ob'solete. — Indistinct;  rudimentcl. 
Obtect'ed — Not  enclosed  in  the  old  larva  skin;  covered. 
Oc'ciput. — Hind  part  of  the  head. 

OceTli. — Simple  eyes,  usually  placed  on  top  of  the  head. 
Ocellus. — A  simple  eye  (Fig.  89). 
O'chreous. — A  more  or  less  deep  ochre-yellow  color. 
Oesophagus. — The  gullet. 
Oliva'ceous. — Olive-colored. 
Opaque'. — Not  transparent. 
Orbic'ular. — Nearly  circular  (Fig.  121,  mo). 
O'val. — Egg-shaped. 
O'vate. — More  or  less  egg-shaped. 
Ovip'arous. — Producing  eggs. 


GLOSSARY 


159 


Oviposi'tion. — Act  of  depositing  eggs. 

Ovipositor. — The  instrument  by  which  the  female  lays  her  eggs. 

O'vum. — An  egg  (Fig.  352,  e  and/). 

Fig.  352. 


HaTmate. — Hand-shaped. 

Pal7pi. — Feelers  attached  to  the  lower  lip  and  the  lower  jaws 

(Figs.  89  and  103). 

Par'aglossa. — Belonging  to  the  Lingula. 
Parasitic. — Living  in  or  upon  another  animal. 
Parthenogenesis. — Bringing  forth  living  young  or  depositing 

fertile  eggs  without  the  previous  intervention  of  the  male. 
Pata'gia.— The  shoulder  tufts  (Fig.  123,  w). 
PeVtinate. — Comb-toothed  (Fig.  115,  a). 
Pedicel. — A  short  stein. 
Pedun'cle. — A  stem. 

Pentani'erous. — Having  five  joints  in  each  foot. 
Penultimate. — The  last  but  one. 
Perfoliate. — Flattened  joints  or  plates  surrounding  the  stem, 

the  latter  apparently  passing  through  their  centers  (as  the 

the  terminal  part  of  Fig.  98). 
Petlolate. — Supported  on  a  stem. 
Petiole. — A  stem.  » 

Pic'eous. — Pitchy  black. 

Pier'cer. — An  instrument  that  penetrates;  the  ovipositor. 
Pile. — Hair;  usually  hair  arranged  in  rows. 
Pilif  erous. — Bearing  bristles  or  hairs. 
Pilose7. — Clothed  with  long  flexible  hairs. 
Plumose7. — Like  a  feather. 
Poi'sers. — Same  as  Halteres. 
Porrect7. — Straight  out. 
Posterior. — Behind  in  position. 


160 


'GLOSSARY. 


Prismatic. — Three-sided;  like  a  prism. 

ProboVcis. — The  beak  or  sucker. 

Process. — A  projecting  part  of  any  surface. 

Prolegs. — The  fleshy  legs  of  caterpillars. 

Protho'rax. — The  first  division  of  the  thorax  to  which  the  first 

pair  of  legs  is  attached  (Fig.  89).     (In  the   Beetles,  Bugs, 

Grasshoppers  and   similar  insects,  this  part  is  commonly 

termed  the  thorax), 

Pru'inose. — Frosted;  covered  with  a  whitish  powder. 
Pterostig'rna. — Same  as  Stigma. 
Pubes'cent. — Clothed  with  very  fine  hairs  or  down. 
Pulviirii. — Small  cushions  beneath  the  feet  of  the  Two-winged 
.        Flies. 
Punctured. — Marked  with  minute  impressed  dots,  as  if  pricked 

with  the  point  of  a  pin. 


Fig.  354. 


Pu'pa. — Same  as  Chrysalis;  The  term  Chrysalis  is  usually 
applied  to  such  pupa3  as  are  incapable  of  moving  about 
(Fig.  353);  while  those  which  are  active  (Fig.  354)  are 
commonly  called  Pupse. 

Quad'rate. — Square,  or  nearly  so. 

QuieYcent.— Being  in  a  state  without  motion. 

Rapto'rial.; — Adapted  for  seizing  prey. 

Ren'iform. — Kidney-shaped  (Fig.  121,  mr). 

Retic'ulated. — Like  net-work. 

Retractile. — Capable  of  being  drawn  back. 

Ros'trum. — Beak. 

Rudimentary. — In  an  imperfectly  developed  condition. 

RufeVcent. — Somewhat  reddish. 

Ru'fous. — Reddish. 

Rugose'. — Wrinkled. 


GLOSSARY.  161 

Saltatory.-— Leaping. 

Sanguin'eous. — Blood-red. 

Sca'brous. — Roughened  v/ith  projecting  points. 

Scrobe. — A  groove  at  the  base  of  the  antenna. 

Scu'tel. — A  triangular  piece  between  the  base  of  the  wing- 
covers  and  ohe  thorax. 

Secre'tions. — Substances  separated  from  the  blood,  different 
from  the  blood  itself. 

Seg'ments. — The  parts  into  which  an  insect's  body  is  divided 
by  the  transverse  depressed  lines  or  circles  (Fig.  352,  6). 

Seri'ceous. — Like  silk. 

SeYrate.— Saw-toothed  (Fig.  97). 

Ses'sile. — Attached  by  the  whole  width. 

Se'ta.— A  bristle. 

Seta'ceous. — Bristle-like. 

Se'tiform . — Bristle-shaped. 

Smo~bth. — Not  roughened  or  spined. 

Spiii'nerets. — Small  openings  out  of  which  silk  and  other 
secretions  are  excreted.  (In  caterpillars  they  are  situated 
in  the  lower  lip,  but  in  the  scale  insects  they  are  situat- 
ed on  various  parts  of  the  abdomen.) 

Spl'nous. — Furnished  with  spines. 

Splr'acles. — The  breathing  pores  or  external  openings  of  the 
windpipe  or  trachae.  (Fig.  89). 

Spontaneous. — Applied  to  generation,  as  producing  forms  of 
life  without  visible  means. 

Spurs. — Thick  spines. 

Stem'mata. — Same  as  Ocelli. 

SteYnum. — The  underside  of  the  thorax. 

Stigma. — A  thickened  spot  on  the  under  side  of  the  fore  wings 
(Pig.  126,  7). 

Stig'mata. — A  term  applied  to  the  orbicular  and  reniform  spots 
on  the  front  wings  of  Moths  (See  Fig.  121  mo  and  mr\ 

Strfae. — Impressed  lines  or  grooves. 

Strl'ate. — Marked  with  impressed  lines;  grooved. 

SuTcate. — Grooved. 

Sut'ure. — The  place  where  the  two  parts  meet. 


1C)2  GLOSSARY. 

Tar'si.— Feet. 

Taw'ny. — A  pale  dirty  yellow. 

Teg'mina. — The  front  wings  of  grasshoppers. 

Ter'gum. — The  upper  side  of  the  abdomen. 

Terrestrial . — Making  the  home  on  the  ground,  in  distinction 

from  those  inhabiting  the  water. 
Tessellated. — Checkered. 
Testaceous. — Pale  dull  red. 
Tetram'erous. — Having  four  joints  in  each  foot. 
Tho'rax. — That  division  of  the   body   to   which   the   legs  and 

wings  are  attached. 
Tlb'ia. — The  shank  or  shin;   that  part  of  the   leg  between  the 

thigh  and  foot  (Fig.  103). 
To'mentose. — Covered  with  fine  matted  hairs. 
Tra'chea. — The  windpipe. 

Transformations. — Changes;  such  as  changes  from  the  larva 
to  the  pupa,  or  from  a  pupa  to  a  perfect  insect. 

Transverse7. — Crosswise. 

Tri'merous. — Having  three  joints  in  each  foot. 

Trochan'ter. — An  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  thigh  (Fig.  89). 

Tro'phl. — The  mouth  parts. 

Trunc'ate. — Cut  off  squarely. 

Tu'bercle. — A  small  swelling  or  prominence. 

Tuber'culate. — Furnished  with   tuber-  Fig.  355. 

TuberdYities. — Knob-like  prominences. 
Tufted  antennae. — Fig.  355. 
Un'cinate. — Hooked  at  the  tip. 

Venation. — The  manner  in  which   the   veins    of    wings    are 
arranged. 

Ven'ter. — The  underside  of  the  body. 

Vertic'illate. — In  whorles. 

Vil'ous. — Clothed  in  long  soft  hairs. 

VIs'cid.-— Sticky. 

Vit'ta. — A  colored  stripe  running  lengthwise. 

Vivip'arous. — Bringing  forth  living  young. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Aberrant  "Wood-beetle 102 

Achemon  Sphinx,  Philampelis 

achemon 53,  64,  76 

Acrididse 123 

^Ejeridse 76 

Agrionidse 125 

Aleurodidse 113 

Arabulatoria 121,  122 

American  Currant-borer,  Pse- 

nocerus  supernotatus 109 

American  Procris,  Procris 

Americana 78 

Annelida '. 11 

Anthicidse 104 

Anthomyia  calopteni 91 

Ant-lion,  Myrmeleon 59,  126 

Ants 67 

Aphaniptera , 63 

Aphidse 112 

Aphodidse , 98 

Apidse 65 

Apple-Curculio,  Anihonomus 

quadrigibbus 107 

Apple-Maggot,  Trypeta  pomo- 

nella 57 

Apple-tree  Aphis,  Aphes  maliAI,  55 

Arachnida 10,  12 

Archippus-butterfly,  Dariais 

Archippus 25,  73,  74 

Army- worm,  Leucania  uni- 

puncta 19 

Army-worm  Moth 17 

Articulata 9,  10 

Ash  -  colored  Blister  -  beetle, 

Macrobasis  unicolor 104 

Asparagus-beetle,  Crioceris  as- 

paragi 59 

Aspidiotus 128,  130 


PAGE 

Back-boned  Animals 9 

Bacon-beetle,   Dermestes    larda- 

rius 96 

Banded  Robber,  Milyas  cinctus..H8 

Bark-beetles 105 

Bark-lice 115,  127 

Barnacle-scale,     Ceroplastes  cir- 

ripediformis 134 

Bean-weevil,  Bruchus  obsoletus..W6 
Beautiful    Wood-nymph,     Eu- 

dryas  grata , 78 

Bed-bugs,  Cimex  lectularius 

63,  119,  120 

Bees 24,  40,  42,  45,  46,  65 

Beetles.13,  17,  24,  39,  45,  48,  61,  91 

Belostoma 57 

Bembecidse 67 

Bird-lice 120 

Black    Burying-beetle,    Silpha 

incequalis 96 

Black  Horse-fly,  Tabanus  atra- 

tus 88 

Black-Melanactes,      Melanactes 

piceus 102 

Black-scale,  Mecanium  ofece.115,134 

Blattidse 121 

Blister-beetles 30,  104 

Blow-flies 91 

Body-lice,  Pediculus  corporis 63 

Bombycidse 58,  78 

Bordered     Plant-bug,     Largus 

succinctus 119 

Borers 17 

Bot-flies 89 

Brachycera 87,  88 

Bracon-fly ~ 68 

Bran-beetle,    Silvanus    quadri- 

collis 97 


164 


INDEX. 


Branch     and    Twig    Burrower, 

Polycaon  conjertus 103 

Branch-borer,  Bostrichus  bi- 

caudntus 103 

Brasslets 68 

Bristly  Cut- worm ,  Mamestra 

renigera 81 

Broad-necked  Prionus,  Pri- 

onus  laticollis 58,  92 

Brown  Grasshoppers 123 

Bruchidge 106 

Bruchus-weevils 106 

Bud-worm,  Penthina  oculana...  85 
Buffalo  Tree-hopper,  Ceresa 

bubalus 16,  54,  115 

Bugs 37,  39 

Bumble-bees,  Bombus 65 

Buprestidae 101 

Buprestis-beetles 101 

Burying-beetles 96 

Butterflies.13,  15,  17,  25,  26,  28,  37 
39,  40,  51,  70,  71 

Cabbage-Aphis,  Aphis  brassictz..\\Z 
Cabbage-bug,  Strachia  histri- 

onica 58 

Cabbage  -  maggot,    Anthomyia 

brassiccz 98 

Cabbage-Plusia,    Plusia  brassi- 

coe 81 

Caddis-flies 126 

California  Grape-vine  Hopper, 

Erythroneura  comes 116 

California  Lady-bird,  Cocci- 
nella  $-notata  var.  Calif  ar- 
nica  Ill,  140 

Camellia  Scale,  Uhleria  camel- 
lice 133 

Canker-worm 24 

Cantharis 104 

Capsidse 119 

Carabidse 93 

Cecidomyidse 87 

Cecropia    Moth,    Samia    cecro- 

pia 20,  80 

Centipedes 11,  12 


PAGE 


Cerambycidse 

CercopMae  ..............................  115 

Ceroplastes  .............................  134 

Cetonians  ...............................  10D 

Cetonidae  ................................  ICO 

Chalcididss  .............................  68 

Chalcis-flies  .......................  68,  142 

Cheese-mite  ...........................  10 

Cherry-leaf     Roller,      Caccecia 

cerasivorana  ........................  85 

Cherry-tree      Borer,      Dicerca 

divaricata  ..........................  101 

Chestnut-bud  Beetle,    Pityoph- 

thorus  pubipennis  .................  108 

Chicken-lice,     Goniocotes    bur- 

nitti  ....................................  63 

Chigoe,  Sarcopsylla  penetrans...  88 
Cinch-bug,  Micropus  Icucopterus 

24,  30,  118 
Chionaspis  .......................  128,  130 

Chionaspis  ortholobis....  ............  130 

Chionea  ..................................  88 

Chrysididse  .............................  67 

Chrysomelidse  .........................  110 

Cicada  ...................................  45 

CicaJidse  ................................  116 

Cicindelidse  .............................  93 

Cistelidaa  ................................  105 

Citrus-scale,    Mytilaspis    citri- 

cola  ....................................  132 

Clams  ...................................  10 

Clavicornes  ........................  92,  95 

Clear-  winged  Moths  .................  76 

Clothes-moth,    Tinea  flavifron- 

tella  ....................................  85 

Clover-hay  Worm,  Asopia  cos- 

tallis  ...................................  84 

Coccidae  ...........................  115,  127 

Coccinse  ...........................  128,  135 

Coccinellidse  ...........................  Ill 

Coccus  ....................................  137 

Cochineal  Insect,  Coccus  cacti...  VSl 
Cockroaches  ............................  121 

Codlin-moth,  Carpocapsa  pomo- 

nella  ...............................  17,  85 

Coleoptera..45,  48,  58,  59,  60,  61,  91 


INDEX. 


165 


PACK 

Colorado  Potato-beetle,  Dory- 

phota  IQ-lineata 110 

Common    Fire-fly,      Photinus 

pyralis 104 

Common  Thrips 119 

Common  Tiger-beetle,    Cicin- 

dela  vulgaris 93,  138 

Convergent    Lady-bird,    Hip- 

podamia  convergens 140 

Copper-butterflies 74 

Copridae 98 

Coreidae 118 

Corn-worm,  Hcliothis  armigera  81 
Cottony  Cushion-scale,  Icerya 

purchasi 115,  138 

Cottony    Maple-scale,     Pulvi- 

naria  innumerabilis ..134 

Crabronidae 67 

Crabs 11,  32 

Crane-flies 57,  88 

Crickets 39,  45,  49,  121,  122 

Crustacea 11 

Cuckoo-bees 65 

Cucujidse 97 

Cucujus-beetles 97 

Cucumber   Flea-beetle,    Epi- 

trixcucumeris 110 

Culicidse... 87 

Curculionidae 106 

Currant  Span-worm,  Eufitchia 

ribearia 83 

Cursoria 121 

Cut- worms 139 

Cynipidse 69 

Dactylopius 136,  136 

Dakruma  coccidivora 53 

Daddy  Long-legs 11 

Darkling-beetles 48,  105 

Darkling  Grape-beetle 105 

Delicate  Long-sting.. ,  67 

De  Long's  Moth,    Clisioampa 

constncta ,...,.. ..16,  68 

Dermestidae „ 96 

Destructive  Mealy-bug,    Dac- 
tylopius destructor. 137 


FAGS 

Diaspinae 127,  128 

Diaspis 128,  129,  130 

Digger-wasps -....  67 

Diptera 46,  57,  58,  61,  63,  87 

Dissimilar-winged  Bugs 117 

Divers 94 

Dotted-legged  Plant-bug    Eu- 

schistus  variolarius 53,  63 

Dragon-flies..40,  45,  51,  61,  124,  125 
Dytiscidae 94 

Earth-worms n 

Earwig,  Forficula  auricularia.. 

18,  49,  50,  58,  121 

Egg-parasites 68 

Eight-spotted  Forester,  Alypia 

octomaculata 78 

Elateridse , ioi 

Ephemeridse 124 

Epicauta 104 

Fall    Canker- worm,     Anisop- 

teryx  autumnata 53,  84 

False  Cinch-bug,   Nysius  de- 
structor  ng 

Field-crickets 123 

Fifteen-spotted  Lady  Bird,  My- 

sia  \Q-punctata ...Ill,  139 

Figure  8  Minor-moth,  Mames- 

tra  renigera  81 

Filbert-scale,  Lecanium  hem- 

isphcsiicum 134  9 

Filicornes 92 

Fiorinia 133 

Fire-flies ....103 

Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer 

Chrysobothisfemorata 

20,  25,  48,  101 

Fleas 63,  88 

Flesh-flies 14,  91 

Florida-scale,  Ceroplastes  flori- 

densis ,134 

Flour-mites n 

^orficularidse 121 

micidse.....,, 67 

Four-footed  Butterflies 72 


166 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Frosted    Leaf-hopper,    Pcedl- 

optera  prainosa 116 

Fulgorldse 116 

Fungus-flies 124 

Galgula-bugs 117 

Glagulidse 117 

Gall-flies 17,  69 

Gall-gnats 86 

Generous  Tiger-beetle,    Cicin- 

dela  generosa 93,  138 

Geometers 22 

Geometrid  Moths 82 

Geotrupidae 98 

Glassy  Cut- worm,  Hadena  de- 

vastatrix 21 

Gnawing  Insects 45,  46 

Golden-eyed  Flies,  ffemerobius.. 126 

Golden-wasps 67 

Goldsmith-beetle, Cotalpa  lani- 

gera '....  10 

Gold-spotted       Ground-beetle 

Calosoma  calidum 94,  139 

Gooseberry-fruit  Moth,    Pem- 

peliagrossulatice 84 

Grain  -  aphis,      Siphonophora 

avence 41,  54,  113 

Grain-moth,  Gelechia  cerealella  85 

Grape-curculio 16 

Grape-leaf  Folder, Desmia  mac- 

ulalis 84 

.  Grape-phylloxera,    Phylloxera 

vastatrix 87 

Grape  Plume-moth,  Pterophor- 

us  periscelidactylus 86 

Grape-seed  Maggot,    Isosoma 

vitis ,.47,  66 

Grape-vine  Beetles 100 

Graspers 121,  122 

Grasshoppers 16,  18,  29,  32,  39 

45,  49,  121 
Gray  Tree-cricket,   (Ecanthus 

latipennis 16 

Green  Fruit-beetle,  Allorhina 

nitida 100 

Green  Grasshoppers 123 


PAGE 

Ground-beetles 21,  93,  138 

Grouse-locusts 124 

GryllidEe 122 

Gyrinidse , 94 

Harlequin  Cabbage-bug  Stra- 

chia  histrionica 24,  56 

Harris'  Scale,  Chionaspis  fur- 

furus 131 

Harvest-flies ..45,  116 

Haustellata 46,  52,  62 

Hawk-moths 74 

Head-lice ,  Pediculus  capitis 63 

Helophilus 57 

Hemerobidse 126 

Hemiptera  46,  53,  58,  61,  62,63,  112 

Hesperidaj 74 

Hessian-fly,      Cecidomyia    de- 
structor  13,  17,  21,  88 

Heterocera 70,  74 

Heteromera 92,  104 

Heteroptera 46,  55,  62,  117 

Hickory-borer,  Chion  cinctus 109 

Homoptera 

46,  54,  56,  62,  53,  112,  127 

Honey-bees,  Apis  melliftca 65 

Hop-aphis  Porodon  humuli..b^^  63 

Hornet,  Vespa  macu*.  ata 61 

Horn-tails.' 69 

Horse  Bot-fly  (Estrus  egui...63,  90 

Horse-flies 37,  83 

House-fly,  Musca  domestica.. 

23,  37,  90,  91,  143 

Hydrometridse 117 

Hydrophilidse 95 

Hymenoptera 

45,  46,  58,  59,  60,  61,  65 

Icerya 138 

Ichneumon-flies 

16,  47,  67,  125,  141,  142 

Ichneumonidse 67 

Icy    Lady-bird,     Hippodamia 

glacialis 140 

Imported     Cabbage-butterfly, 
Pieris  rapes 60,  72 


INDEX. 


167 


PAGE 

Imported  Currant  Saw-flies, 
Nematus  ventricosus...~[.§,  22,  46 

Imported  Grape  Flee-beetle 
Adoxus  vitis 110 

Indian  Cetonia,  Eurymonia  in- 
da 100 

Insecta « 10,  11,  13 

Isabella-moth,  Pyrrharctia  Isa- 
bella   80 

Jigger,  Sarcopsylla  penetrans...  88 

Jointed  Animals 9 

Joint- worms,  Isosoma  hordei....  17 

Julus 11 

Jumpers '. 121,  122 

Jumping  Plant-lice 115 

June-beetle,  Phyllophagafusca, 

49,  99 

Katydid,  Platyphyllum  concav- 

um 15,  45,  40,  61,  123,  150 

Kermes 135 

Lace-winged  Flies 13,  16,  19, 

30,  45,  51,  59,  126,  141 

Laehnosterma  quercina 99 

Lady-birds Ill,  138 

Lamellicornes 92,  98 

Lampyridae 103 

Land  Scavenger-beetles 96 

Lantern-flies 116 

Large  Belostoma 57 

Large  Darkling  Grape-beetle. 

E 'lodes  quadricollis 105 

Leaf-cutting  Bees,  Megachile....  65 

Leaf-hoppers 115 

Leaf-miners 85 

Leaf-rollers 84 

Lecaninse 127,  134 

Lecaniuin 134 

Leeches 11 

Lemon-peel  Scale,  Aspidiotus 

nerii 115,129 

Lepidoptera,  46, 58, 59, 60, 61,  62, 70 

Liballulidge .". 125 

Lice 56,  120 

Lightning-beetles 103 


PAGE 

Lobsters 11,  32 

Locustidse 123 

Locusts 116,  123 

Locust-tree  Borer,    Clytus   ro- 

binicz 109 

Long-horned  Borers 58,  103,109 

Long-horned  Flies 87 

Long- toed  Water-beetles 95 

Lucanidse 58,  74 

Lygeeidse 118 

Lycaenidse 58,  74 

Lytta 104 

Mallophagidse 120 

Mandibulata 45,  46,  60 

Mantidee 122 

Mantis,  Mantis  Carolina M, 12%, 14Q 
Many- banded  Kobber,  Milyas 

cinctus 54 

Margined  Water-beetle,  Dytis- 

cus  marginalis 94 

May-flies 30,  51,  124 

Meal-worm,  Tenebrio  obscurus..\Q5 

Meal-worm  Beetle 105 

Mealy-bugs 127 

Mealy-bug  with  long  threads 

Dactylopius  longifi.  is 137 

Mealy-winged  Bugs 113 

Measuring- worms 22,  59,  82 

Melandryidaa 105 

Melee 48,  104 

Meloidse 104 

Melolonthidse 99 

Membranaceidae 119 

Millipedes 11,  12 

Mites 12 

Mole-crickets 122 

Mollusca 10 

Monilicornes 92,97 

Mosquito 44,  46,  87 

Moths..l3,  25,  37,  39,  46,  51,  53,  70, 

71,74 

Muscidaa 90 

Museum-beetles 96 

Myriapoda 11,  12 

Mytilaspis 128,131 


168 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Narcissus-fly,  Merodon  narcissi  89 
Native  Currant  Saw-fly,  Pristo- 

phora  grossularicz 69 

Native  Currant- worm 19 

Negro-bug,    Corimeloena    puli- 

carla 119 

Neniocera 87 

Nipidse 117 

Neuroptera 

45,  51,  58,  59,  60,  61,  124 

Night-flying  Moths 60 

Nine-spotted    Lady-bird,    Coc- 

cinnella  q-notata 140 

Noctuidse. 81 

Norfolk     Island     Pine  -  scale, 

Rhizococcus  araucarice 136 

Notonectidse 117 

Notoxus-beetles  104 

Nymphalidse 72 

Nyssonidse 67 

Odonata 125 

(Estridse 89 

Onion-fly,  Anthomyia  ceparum  57 
Orchard  Tent-caterpillar  Moth 

Clisiocampa  americana 16,  52 

Orthoptera 

43,  49,  58,  60,  61,  63,  121 

Owlet-moths 86 

Ox  Bot-fly,  &strus  bows 58,  90 

Painted  Lady-bird,  Harmonia 

picta 140 

Panorpidaa 126 

Papilionidae 71 

Parapitic  Beetles 104 

Parlatoria 128, 132 

Parnidae 95 

Parsley-worm,  Papilio  asterias.  59 
Peach-tree  Borer,  sEgeria  exi- 

tiosa 77 

Pear -slug,  Selandria  cerasi 59 

Pear-tree  Psylla,  Psylla  pyrl...H5 
Pear-tree    Scolytus,    Xyleborus 

pyri 108 

Pea-weevil,  Bruchus  pisi 106 


Pecticornes 92,  98 

Pediculidss... 120 

Pentamera 92 

Pergande's  Orange-scale,    Par- 
latoria pergandii 132 

Perla-flies 124 

Perlidse 124 

Phalcenidffi 82 

Phasmidao =  ...122 

Philamyelis  achemon 64 

Phryganidse 126 

Phylloxera-mite,      Tyroglyphus 

Phylloxera? 12 

Pieridae 72 

Pirate-bugs 118 

Plant-beetles 110 

Plai.t-bugs 29,  46,  55,,  119 

Plant-lice 

44,  32,  40,  41,  46,  54,  111,  112 
Plum-Curculio,      Conotrachelus 

nenuphar 16,  21,  25,  107 

Plume-moths 71,  86 

Plum  -  gouger,        Anthonomus 

prunicidce 107 

Pompilidse 67 

Potato  Flea-beetle,  Epitrixsub- 

crineta 110 

Potato-moth,  Gelechia  sp? 85 

Potato-stalk    Weevil,     Pseudo- 

baris  trinotatus 107 

Predaceous  Ground-beetles 93 

Predaceous  Water  -beetles 94 

Prickly  Bark-beetles,  Leptostylus 

aculiferus 61 

Prionus-beetle,  Prionus  laticol- 

lis 25 

Proctotrupidaa  . 68 

Pseudococcus 137 

Pseudococcus  hederse 137 

Pseudo-neuroptera 51 

Psocidse 124 

Psocus 51 

Psyllidse 115 

Pt,prnphnri%> „ 86 

Ptinida? 103 

Pulicidae....  ..  88 


INDEX.  169 


Pulvinaria 134 

Pyralidse ..  84 

Quince-Curculio,  Conotrachclus 
cratoegi 107 

Radiata 10 

Raptoria 121,  122 

Raspberry-borer,  Agrilus  rufi- 

collis 101 

Raspberry-root  Borer,  ^Egeria 

marginata 77 

Raw-hide    Beetle,      Dermestes 

lardarius 196 

Rayed  Animals...* 10 

Red-scale,  Aspidiotus  autantii. 

55,  129 

Red-scale  cf  Florida,  Aspidio- 
tus ficus 129 

Red  -  shouldered      Grape  -  vine 

Borer,  Sinoxylon  basilare 103 

Red-spider,  Tetranchus  telarius  11 

Reduvidse 118 

Red-winged  Wasp,  Priocnemis 

sp? 67 

Rhizococcns 135 

Rhopalocera 70,  71 

Ring-banded    Soldier-bug,    Pe- 

rillus  circumcinctus. , 54 

Ring-legged  Fimpla 67 

Rose- Aphis,  Siphonophora  rosoe  41 
Rose-chafer,  Macrodactylus  sub- 

spinosus 99 

Rose  Saw-fly,  Selandria  roses...  47 

Rose-scala,  Dia&pis  roses 130 

Round-headed  Apple-tree  Bor- 
er, Saperda  Candida 20, 109 

Rove-beetles 50,  59,  97,  108 

Runners..., 121 

Rust-red   Wasp,    Polistes  rubi- 

ginosus 66,  141 

Rutelidse 100 

Saltatoria 121,  122 

Satellitia  Sphinx,    Philampelis 

pandorus  76 

12 


PAGE 

band-wasps 67 

Saw-flies 13,  17,  43,  45,  59,  69 

Saw-horned  Borers 58,  100 

Scale-bugs 127 

Scale-insects... 53,  55,  111,  115,  127 

Scarabaeidse 98 

Scolytidse 108 

Scorpions 12 

Scorpion-flies 126 

Scurfy-scale,  Chionaspis  furtu- 

rus 131 

Scutelleridse 119 

Semicolon  -  butterfly,  Grapta 

interrogationis 52 

Serricornes 92,  100 

Seventeen-year  Locust,  Cica- 
da septemdecim 116 

Sheep  Bot-fly,  CEestrus  ovis 90 

Sheep  Scab-mite,  Psoroptes 

equi 12 

Short-horned  Borers 108 

Short-horned  Flies 87,  88 

Short-toed  Water-beetles 95 

Shrimps , 11 

Sialidse 125 

Sialis-flies 125 

Silk-w^rm,  Sericaria  mori. 80 

Silphidaa 96 

Similar-winged  Bugs 112 

Skip-jack  Beetles .102 

Skippers 70,  74 

Slugs 10 

Small  Darkling  Grape-beetle, 

Blapstinus  lecontei 105 

Snails 10 

Snout-beetles 106 

Snout-moths 84 

Snowy  Tree-cricket,  CEcanthus 

niveus 16 

Soft-bodied  Animals 1$ 

Soft  Orange-scale,  Lecanium 

hesperidum 134 

Soft-winged  Beetles 103 

Soldier-bugs..l8,  46,  55,58,  119,  140 
Southern  Cabbage  -  butterfly, 

Pieris  Protodice 60 


170  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Spanish-fly,    Cantharis    vesica- 

toria 104 

Span-worms 21,  22,  59,  82 

Sphingidse 74 

Spiders 9,  10,  12 

Spined  Soldier-bug,  Podisus 

spinosus 53,  63,  119 

Spinners 78 

Spotted  Pelidnota,  Pelidnota 

punctata 100 

Spring-beetles 101,  100 

Spring  Canker-worm,  Anisop- 

teryx  vernata 53,  83 

Squash-bug,  Coreus  tristis..JS79 118 
Stable-flies,  Stomoxys  calcitrans  91 

Stag-beetles 93 

Stalk-borer,  Gortyna  nifela 81 

Staphylinid93 '97 

Star-fishes 10 

Steel-blue  Flea-beetle,  Crapto- 

dera  chalybea 110 

Strawberry-crown  Borer,  Anal- 

cis  frag  arice 103 

Strawberry  Leaf-roller,  Phox- 

opteris  fr agarics 85 

Strawberry  Saw-fly,  Emphytus 

maculatus 48 

Striped  Blister-beetle,  Epicauta 

vitiata 104 

Striped  Cucumber-beetle,  Dia- 

brotica  vittata 49,  110 

Sucking  Insects 46,  52 

Swallow-tails 71 

Syrphidse 88 

Syrphus-flies 23,  88,  141 

Tabanidae 88 

Tachina-flies 90,  142 

Tarantula  Hawks,  Pompilus 

formosus 67 

Tawny  Emperor-butterfly,  Ap- 

atuta  clyton 73 

Tenebrionidee 105 

Ten-lined  Leaf-eater,  Polyphyl- 

la  lo-lineata 99 

Tenthredinidse 59 


Ten-spotted  Lady-bird,  Hippo- 

damia  maculata 140 

Termitidaj 124 

Tetramera 92,  105 

Tettiginse 124 

Thecla-butterflies 74 

Thirteen  -  spotted    Lady  -  bird, 

Hippodamia  i^-punctata 139 

Thousand-legged  Worms 12 

Three-lined  Potato-beetle,    Le- 

ma  trilineata 16 

Three-striped    Plant-bug,    Lcp- 

tocoris  trivittatus 119 

Thripidse 119 

Thrips 18,  56,  119 

Ticks 11,     12 

Tiger-beetles 93,  1C8 

Tineidse 85 

Tingis,  Coiythuca,arcuata 120 

Tipulidse 88 

Tomato-worm,  Macrosila s-mac- 

ulata 25 

Tomato-worm  Moth,  Macrosila 

5-maculata 61 

Tortoise-beetles 15,  111 

Tortricidaa 84 

Tree-crickets 13,  15,  123 

Triangular   Water-beetle,    Hy- 

drophilus  triangularis 65 

Trimera 92,  111 

Trim  Lady-bird,  Cycloneda  san- 

guinea 92,  140 

Trogidse 98 

Trogosita-beetles 97 

Trogositidse 97 

True-bugs 

13,  16,  37,  39,-  53,  112,  117 

Tumble-bugs 98 

Turnus-butterfly,    Papilio    tur- 

nus 20,     72 

Tussock-moth,  Orygia  leucostig- 

ma 20 

Twelve-spotted  Diabrotica,   Di- 

abrotica  i2-punctate 92,  111 

Twice-stabbed  Lady-bird,  Chi- 

locorus  bivulnerus 140 


INDEX. 


171 


PAGK 


Two- winged  Flies. 


23,  24, 26, 29, 37, 38, 40, 46, 57,     87 

TJhleria 118,  132 

Uroceridse 69 

Yertebrata 9 

Vespidse 66 

Vine-hoppers 46,    54 

Virginian  Tiger-beetle,  Tetra- 
cha  mrginica ....93,  139 

Walkers 121,  122 

Walking-sticks ...- 122 

Wasps 

24,  40,  41,  42,  45,  43,  61,  65,  66 

Water-boatmen 117 

Water  measurers 117 

Water  Scavenger-beetles 95 

Water-scorpion 117 

Weevils 16,  45 

Whirligig-beetles 94 


PAGE 
Wheat-midge,  Diplosis  triiici.. 

57,  87,     88 

White-ants  51,  124 

White-butterflies 72 

White-grub,  Phyllophagafusca     99 
White-lined  Sphinx, /^z7<?j£/«/£ 

lineata 76 

White-miller,  Spilosoma  vir- 

ginica 

Wire-worms 19, 1C2,  105 

Wood-nymphs 77,     78 

Wood-wasps 67 

Wooly-Aphis,  Sckizoneura  Ian- ... 

if  era 41,  113 


Yellow-butterflies 60,  72 

Yellow  Canker-worm   Moth, 

Hibernia  tiliaria 52 

Yellow-mite 12 

Zygaenidye 77 


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